World & Physical Geography MCQs

Notes:
Geography as a discipline attempts spatial synthesis. Spatial synthesis includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties. Temporal Synthesis can be described as ‘automated construction’ of a system whereby we develop a temporary specification and then try to prove it. For example history attempts temporal synthesis.

Notes:
Hoyle’s concept of steady state is opposite to Big Bang theory. It considered the universe to be roughly the same at any point of time

Notes:
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the successive deposition of sediments. Therefore they have layered or stratified structure. These rocks are also known stratified rocks.
Sandstone, shale, limestone and dolomite are some of the examples of Sedimentary rocks.

Notes:
The sun holds 99.8 % mass of solar system. It is roughly 109 times the diameter of the Earth and about one million Earths could fit inside the sun.

Notes:
The correct answer is the Proton Proton Chain Reaction. This process occurs in stars like the Sun, where hydrogen nuclei (protons) fuse to form helium, releasing energy. It is the dominant energy production mechanism in stars with masses similar to or smaller than the Sun. The CNO cycle, on the other hand, is more prevalent in larger stars. The proton-proton chain reaction is responsible for about 99% of the Sun’s energy output.

Notes:
The McMurdo Dry Valleys, renowned for their hypersaline lakes like Lake Vanda with a striking salinity of over 35%, which is 10 times more than typical ocean water, are located in Antarctica. Despite this, the most saline water body globally is not found here but at the Gaet’ale Pond. This site, situated in the Danakil Depression in Afar, Ethiopia, holds an even higher concentration of salt, accurately representing the diversity of extreme environments on Earth.

Notes:
Russia has the largest natural gas reserves in the world, with 38 trillion cubic meters (1,341 trillion cubic feet). This is equivalent to about 19% of the world’s total reserves. Russia exports 26% of its gas production to other countries. The Arctic accounts for over 80% of Russia’s natural gas production.

The top five countries with the largest natural gas reserves are:

1. Russia
2. Iran
3. Qatar
4. USA
5. Saudi Arabia

The world has proven reserves equivalent to 52.3 times its annual consumption. This means it has about 52 years of gas left at current consumption levels.

Notes:
The biggest reserves of helium-rich natural gas can be found in the United States, specifically in the regions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. These sites, especially the Hugoton field, are commonly referred to as the “Helium Capital of the World”. Helium, a valuable resource used in a variety of fields, from medical imaging to electronics, is increasingly becoming scarce globally.

Notes:
The vesicles are actually gas bubbles that were trapped in the rock during the rapid cooling of a gas-rich frothy magma. The material cools so quickly that atoms in the melt are not able to arrange themselves into a crystalline structure. Thus, pumice is an amorphous volcanic glass known as a “mineraloid.”

Notes:
Gold and copper are found in ore bodies associated with porphry. Porphry is a general term applied to igneous rocks of any composition that contain conspicuous phenocrysts (crystals) in a fine-grained groundmass.