International Organizations, Defence, Books & Authors, World History

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The “Cuban Thaw” was the term used to manifest the normalisation and restoration of friendly relations between the governments of Cuba and the United States of America. This peaceful gesture ended a 54-year stretch of hostility between two nations. This happened on 20 July 2015 and Barack Obama became the first USA president to visit Cuba since 1928. It was mediated by the Pope Francis of the Holy See and the Government of Canada. This restored the diplomatic relations between the two governments.

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Following the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus through Operation Atilla, the island of Cyprus was de facto partitioned into two- the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus in the south and the self-declared unofficial de facto state in northern Cyprus named Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. And, a buffer zone was established in between to de-escalate tensions between the two parties. This zone is known as the Green Line, also known as the Atilla Line, which constitutes 4% of the total island, administered and controlled by the United Nations. The Republic of Cyprus, the European Union and the international community is of the view that the northern part of the island of Cyprus, which the Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty, is illegally occupied by the Turkish forces and the establishment of the self-declared unofficial Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is illegal and void and is not recognised by the international community except Turkey.

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The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty. They ruled China from 206 BCE to 220 AD. The Han dynasty was known as a golden age in Chinese history.

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The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is the leading arm of World Bank , established in 1944. The IBRD offers loans to middle-income developing countries. It was an outcome of the Bretton Woods Conference of July 1944.

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Denshawai Incident of 1906 was a dispute between the British military officers, the then colonial power of Egypt, and locals of Denshawai village of Egypt. Britishers unleashed severe consequences to retaliate against the incident on the Egyptian locals, which marked the turning point for the Egyptians to turn against the British presence in their country. Denshway Museum was constructed to commemorate the incident. This incident provoked Egyptian nationalist sentiment against British occupation.

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Post-World War II reorganization of Germany and Europe was the subject-matter/agenda of the “Yalta Conference”. The Yalta Conference, also known as the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held February 4–11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe. The three states were represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively. The conference was held near Yalta in Crimea, Soviet Union. The aim of the conference was to shape a post-war peace that represented not just a collective security order but a plan to give self-determination to the liberated peoples of post-Nazi Europe. The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe.

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The Indo Tibet Border is guarded by ITBP. BSF guards India Pakistan border and India Bangladesh border. SSB guards Indo Nepal and Indo Bhutan Border.

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The Indian Army has a regimental system. It is operationally and geographically divided into 7 commands, with the basic field formation being a division. They are:

1. Southern Command – Pune
2. Northern Command – Udhampur (J&K)
3. Western Command – Chandimandir (Punjab)
4. Eastern Command – Kolkata
5. Central Command – Lucknow
6. Training Command – Mhow (MP)
7. Southwestern Command – Jaipur

Each Command is headed by Lt. General. The latest command to be setup is South Western Command which is headquartered at Jaipur.

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CISF was made as an armed force in 1983 by an act of parliament. It was created in 1969 to protect the industries. Its motto is “Protection and Security”.

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The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is an international organization which was founded in 1969. This organization has total 57 member states and is working to “safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony”.