International Organizations, Defence, Books & Authors, World History

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The European Bank for Reconstruction & Development (EBRD) is an international financial institution founded in 1991. Its headquarters are located in London, England.

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World Bank is one of five institutions created at Breton Woods Conference in 1944. It is part of the United Nations system, but its governance structure is different. Its headquarter are situated at Washington DC, US. World Bank provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.
 It comprises only two institutions viz. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA). In contrast World Bank Group comprises three more viz. International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

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The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty related to Climate Change. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and came into force in 2005. It extends the 1992 UNFCCC to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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The International Development Association (IDA) was established in 1960 as part of the World Bank Group. IDA offers highly concessional loans and grants to the world’s poorest countries. As of fiscal year 2025, IDA has provided $600 billion to 116 countries. Its concessional loans typically have repayment periods of up to 40 years with long grace periods and low or zero interest.

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International Bill of Human Rights consists of Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted in 1948),
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) with its two Optional Protocols and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966).
The two covenants entered into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them.

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FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all. Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates into English as “let there be bread”

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Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (or the history of Sultan Firoj Shah Tughlaq) was written by Shams i Siraj Afif .The most accurate and  authentic contemporary account of Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq period is solely denoted in it and the book also describes the life  and conditions of the people at large.

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Rajnath Singh inaugurated the 172nd Defence Pensioners Adalat in Uttar Pradesh capital Lucknow, becoming the first Raksha Mantri to be a part of the event. The two-day Defence Pensioners Adalat aims at redressal of related pension grievances of veterans of Armed Forces and their Next of Kin residing in all districts of Uttar Pradesh. The complex process involving many agencies and the Defence Accounts Department is working tirelessly to provide pensions in a time-bound manner.

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3 May is celebrated as World Press Freedom Day.

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6 January is celebrated as the World Day of War Orphans to recognize the problems faced by this particular section of vulnerable groups in crisis zones.