International Organizations, Defence, Books & Authors, World History

Notes:
International Court of Justice (ICJ) also known as World court which is based at The Hague. It was established in 1945 by the charter of United Nations as a successor to the permanent court of International Justice. It is the primary judicial branch and principal legal body of United Nations and having transnational Jursidiction. The primary role of ICJ is to give advisory opinion based on international law and international conventions on Questions submitted to it by Countries settle legal disputes

Notes:
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. The National Party governed South Africa from 1948 until 1994. During this time, South Africa was a partial democracy because non-white people were barred from voting after 1958.
The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) was a British organization that opposed the South African apartheid system. The AAM supported South Africa’s non-white population who were persecuted by the policies of apartheid.
Nelson Mandela was sworn in as President of South Africa in 1994. He was known for his internal resistance to apartheid.

Notes:
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) developed the Transnationality Index (TNI). The TNI is used to rank multinational corporations. It is calculated as the average of three ratios:

1. The ratio of foreign assets to total assets
2. The ratio of foreign sales to total sales
3. The ratio of foreign employment to total employment

The TNI has been used since 1990 to rank the world’s 100 largest non-financial TNCs. It can be used for comparative analysis with similar surveys conducted in other countries.

The TNI has shown that the average index value for developing economies’ TNCs has increased over time.

Notes:
Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, wrote Hasanaat ul-Aarifin (virtues of the saints). Some of the famous works done by him are Safinat ul- Awliya, Sakinat ul-Awliya, Risaala-i Haq Numa, Iksir-i ‘Azam (Diwan-e-Dara Shukoh), etc.

Notes:
The Telangana state government is planning to set up India’s first Centre of Excellence (CoE) for defence. It aims to develop the ecosystem in the state in order to increase the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) like Boeing and Airbus, & others. The state government is in talks with several interested parties for setting up manufacturing centres in the state.

Notes:
Muntra is a remotely operated tank operated by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It has been developed as an unmanned, remotely operated tank which has three variants – surveillance, mine detection and reconnaissance in areas with nuclear and bio-threats. Muntra-S is the country’s first tracked unmanned ground vehicle developed for unmanned surveillance missions while Muntra-M is for detecting mines and Muntra-N is for operation in areas where there is a nuclear radiation or bio-weapon risk.

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On 5 November 2001, the UN General Assembly declared 6 November of each year to be celebrated as the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict. It aims to educate people about the damaging effects of war and armed conflict on the environment.

Notes:
It is one of the specialized agencies of United Nations
This is correct statement. The International Telecommunication Union is a specialised agency of the United Nations and is concerned with coordinating the use of radio-wave spectrum as a means of communication
It is oldest international organisation at global-level.
This is correct statement. The first and oldest intergovernmental organization – being established by means of a treaty, and creating a permanent secretariat – is the International Telecommunication Union (founded in 1865).
International Committee of Radio is one of the committees of International Telecommunication Union
Incorrect.  In fact, ITU is a part of the World Radio Day Committee, also known as International Committee of Radio which was established in recent times only to celebrate World Radio Day.

Notes:
Electron was discovered by an Irish scientist J J Thomson and electron is the first subatomic particle to be discovered. J J Thomson is notable for proposing the water melon model which is also called as plum pudding model.

Notes:
Jagadish Bhagawati is an Indian-born American economist. He wrote In “Defense of Globalization” in 2007.