1. Which global organization has recognized Type 5 diabetes as a distinct form of the disease?
[A] International Diabetes Federation (IDF)
[B] World Health Organization (WHO)
[C] United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
[D] World Bank
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [International Diabetes Federation (IDF)]
Notes:
The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has recently acknowledged Type 5 diabetes as a distinct form of the disease. This recognition came at the 75th Diabetes World Congress in Bangkok. Type 5 diabetes is a form of malnutrition-related diabetes that affects lean, undernourished teenagers and young adults, mostly in low- and middle-income regions. Around 20 to 25 million people globally are estimated to suffer from this type, mainly in Asia and Africa. It is caused by a severe defect in insulin secretion due to chronic undernutrition, not by insulin resistance like in Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. It was first identified in Jamaica in 1955 as J-type diabetes. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognised it in 1985 but later withdrew support in 1999 because of limited research.
2. Question: In the context of medical conditions, consider the following statements regarding autoimmune diseases:
- Multiple sclerosis involves the immune system attacking the protective sheath covering nerve fibers.
- Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the digestive system and can lead to malnutrition.
- Type 1 diabetes results from the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Coeliac disease is caused by the consumption of gluten found in wheat, rye, and barley.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?
[A] Only one
[B] Only two
[C] All four
[D] Only three
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D [Only three]
Notes:- Multiple sclerosis involves the immune system attacking the protective sheath covering nerve fibers: This is correct. MS is characterized by the immune system damaging myelin, leading to communication issues between the brain and the body.
- Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the digestive system and can lead to malnutrition: This is incorrect. RA primarily affects joints, causing inflammation and pain, not the digestive system.
- Type 1 diabetes results from the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas: This is correct. T1D is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas.
- Coeliac disease and gluten (Correct): Coeliac disease is indeed an autoimmune condition triggered by gluten, which is present in wheat, rye, and barley. This condition affects nutrient absorption and can lead to various health issues.
Thus, two statements are correct.
3. Consider the following health benefits associated with the Mediterranean Diet:
- Lower risk of heart diseases
- Reduced incidence of Type 2 diabetes
- Increased intake of trans fats
- Improved weight management
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
[A] Only 1, 2 and 3
[B] Only 1 and 4
[C] Only 1, 2 and 4
[D] Only 2, 3 and 4
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C [Only 1, 2 and 4]
Notes:
The Mediterranean Diet is, indeed, known for its health benefits particularly in lowering the risk of heart diseases, reducing the incidence of Type 2 diabetes, as well as managing weight more efficiently. However, it does not promote increased intake of trans fats. Instead, the diet prioritizes the consumption of heart-healthy fats like olive oil, thus making only statements 1, 2 and 4 correct.
4. India’s first diabetes biobank has been established in which city?
[A] Chennai
[B] Mumbai
[C] Kolkata
[D] Hyderabad
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Chennai]
Notes:
India’s first diabetes biobank has been established in Chennai by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF). It stores biological samples to support scientific research with ICMR’s approval. The biobank focuses on studying the causes, variations, and related disorders of Indian diabetes. Blood samples are collected from two ICMR studies: the India Diabetes (INDIAB) study (2008-2020) and the ongoing registry of young-onset diabetes (since 2006).
5. Which day is observed as World Diabetes Day (WDD)?
[A] 12 November
[B] 13 November
[C] 14 November
[D] 15 November
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C [14 November]
Notes:
World Diabetes Day (WDD) is observed on November 14 each year to raise awareness about diabetes. The event is organized by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO). This year’s theme, “Breaking Barriers, Bridging Gaps,” focuses on accessible, affordable diabetes care. WDD was created in 1991 in response to global diabetes concerns and officially recognized by the UN in 2006. November 14 marks the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, co-discoverer of insulin. WDD highlights the importance of early diagnosis, proper care, and lifestyle changes in managing diabetes.
6. Which institute recently discovered the IL-35 protein as a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes and autoimmune diabetes?
[A] Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati
[B] All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi
[C] Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru
[D] Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati]
Notes:
Scientists at Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, discovered a protein IL-35 that can help treat type 1 and autoimmune diabetes mellitus. IL-35 is made of IL-12α and IL-27β chains. It protects against type 1 and autoimmune diabetes by regulating immune cells. IL-35 inhibits immune cells attacking pancreatic beta cells and reduces inflammation. Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks insulin-producing beta cells, causing insulin deficiency and lifelong dependence on external insulin.
7. When is the ‘World Diabetes Day’ observed?
[A] September 14
[B] October 14
[C] November 14
[D] December 14
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C [November 14]
Notes:
Globally, an estimated 422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014, compared to 108 million in 1980. The global prevalence of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in the adult population.
‘World Diabetes Day’ is observed on November 14 every year. The theme for World Diabetes Day 2021-23 is access to diabetes care.
8. Which state launched the ‘Mittayi’ scheme to offer free insulin therapy to Diabetes patients?
[A] Tamil Nadu
[B] Kerala
[C] Telangana
[D] Odisha
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B [Kerala]
Notes:
The Kerala State government, through the Kerala Social Security Mission, initiated the ‘Mittayi’ scheme in 2018. This program aimed to offer free insulin therapy and continuous glucose monitoring devices to individuals suffering from Type 1 diabetes.
Approximately 1,200 children under the age of 18 in Kerala do not qualify for the State government’s ‘Mittayi’ scheme designed to assist individuals with Type 1 diabetes. This exclusion is due to their parents’ annual income exceeding ₹2 lakh.
9. Which country recorded the highest global prevalence of childhood diabetes cases and fatalities in 2019?
[A] China
[B] India
[C] USA
[D] Indonesia
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B [India]
Notes:
According to a recent study published in the journal JAMA Network, India witnessed the highest global prevalence of childhood diabetes cases and fatalities in 2019, alongside holding the record for the highest disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) burden.
As per the World Health Organization, a single DALY signifies the deprivation of one year of overall well-being and optimal health.
10. As per a recent study, what is the prevalence of Diabetes in India?
[A] 2.4%
[B] 7.4%
[C] 11.4%
[D] 21.4%
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C [11.4%]
Notes:
A recent study published in The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology journal has uncovered that the occurrence of diabetes in India stands at 11.4%.
Additionally, the study found that 35.5% of the population experiences hypertension, while 15.3% are affected by prediabetes.
