Medieval Indian History

Notes:
Khams was 1/5 of the loot captured in the war and 1/5 of the mines or buried treasure found. Four-fifths went to the army that fought the war or the person who found the treasure. With the exception of Firuz Tugluq, all the sultans collected 4/5 instead of 1/5, and Sikandar Lodi took none of the treasures found.

Notes:
The aspects of Hindu architecture were still the foundation for a fresh architectural style. This was primarily due to three reasons. The first mosques were built with the demolition of the temples. Muslim leaders used the same material as Hindu temples to build their mosques and tombs. The Muslim leaders had to hire Indian masons and architects. Rather than building new monuments from scratch, early Muslim rulers resorted to creating little variety here and there to turn Hindu and Jain temples into mosques.

Notes:
Sikandar Lodi, Sultan of Delhi (1489-1517), limited Muslim expansion, abolished Jeziya, promoted agriculture, and founded Agra in 1504, fostering stability and cultural development.

Notes:
The son of founder Malik Raja, and his successor, Nasir Khan (1399-1437), captured the strong fortress called Asirgarh from a Hindu chieftains; but he had to acknowledge the suzerainty of the sultan of Gujarat and his war against the Bahmani Sultan ended in defeat.

Notes:
In Andhra, the Reddis became powerful. In 1336, the empire of Vijayanagar was founded, which annexed the sultanate of Madurai as well as the Hoysala kingdom to Vijayanagar.

Notes:
The founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty was Ahmad, son of Hasan Nizamul Mulk, prime minister of the Bahmani kingdom after Mahmud Gawan’s execution.

Notes:
The Delhi Sultanate literature began with the rise of Persian speaking people to the throne of the Sultanate of Delhi, naturally resulted in the spread of the Persian language in India. It was the official language and soon literary works in the language began to appear.

Notes:
In the 13th century, Emperor Muhammed-Bin-Tughlaq introduced leather as a form of currency on a mass scale in India; he was inspired by the paper money that had been used in China. As the Sultan of Delhi, he ruled over northern parts of the Indian subcontinent and the Deccan. After he moved his capital to Daulatabad, in 1329, Tughlaq introduced representative or token money. These were coins of copper and brass that could be exchanged for fixed amounts of gold and silver from the Delhi Sultanate.

Notes:
Ramcharitmanas, an epic poem in Awadhi by 16th-century poet Goswami Tulsidas, means “Lake of the deeds of Rama.” Tulsidas aimed to make Rama’s story accessible to all, not just Sanskrit speakers. He also popularized the Hanuman Chalisa and significantly influenced the Bhakti movement, promoting personal devotion in North India.

Notes:
Rani Durgawati ruled Garha Katanga for her son, Bir Narain. In 1564, she resisted Mughal forces led by Asaf Khan, choosing death over surrender. Bir Narain continued the fight but was captured and executed. Durgawati was skilled in archery and guerrilla warfare, and her legacy endures in folklore.