Medieval Indian History

Notes:
Ariz-i-mumalik was not the commander-in-chief of the army. The Sultan himself was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The military department was set up first by Balban and it was further improved by Alauddin Khalji.

Notes:
Firoz Tughlaq (1351-86) is known to have laid one of the biggest network of canals known in India until the nineteenth century. A canal running to Hisar (Haryana) was fed by two canals cut from the Yamuna, the Rajabwah and the Ulughkhani. The Firozshahi was cut from the Sutlej. A canal ran from Kali river to fall into the Yamuna at Delhi, and another was cut from Ghaggar river in eastern Punjab. The area around Hisar is said to have been so well irrigated that the rabi harvest was added to the kharif.

Notes:
Sada Siva Raya was the last ruler of the Tuluva dynasty. He ascended the throne after the death of Venkata Raya. He was a puppet in the hands of his minister, Aliya Rama Raya, who was the de facto king.

Notes:
Nicolo de Conti was an Italian merchant, explorer, and writer. He traveled to India and Southeast Asia, and possibly to Southern China, during the early 15th century. Nicolo Conti refers to the prevalence of slavery  in the Vijayanagar kingdom.

Notes:
The Bahamani kingdom had two amir groups: Deccanis (local Muslims) and Afaqis (immigrants from Central Asia, Iran, and Iraq). Deccanis held local influence, while Afaqis introduced Persian art and architecture. Their rivalry caused internal conflicts, affecting the kingdom’s stability and political dynamics.

Notes:
The most important and widely venerated Sufi saint of the Deccan during the time of Bahmani dynasty was Hazrat Syed Muhammad Gesu Daraz who was popularly known as Banda Nawaz.

Notes:
The Bahamani Sultanate broke up into five states, The Nizam Shahis of Ahmadnagar, The Adil Shahis of Bijapur, The Qutb Shahis of Golconda, The Imad Shahis of Berar, The Barid Shahis of Bidar. The Adil Shahis remained in power from 1489-1686 CE

Notes:
After the death of Ibrahim Adil Shah II, Mohammed Adil Shah became the seventh ruler of Bijapur, ascending the throne in 1627. He was the second son of Ibrahim Adil Shah II.

Notes:
Jalauddin Rumi who was a great Sufi mystic and poet, founded the Order of the Whirling Dervishes in the thirteenth century. He was born in Afghanistan in 1207 CE.

Notes:
Shaikh Nizamuddin’s concept of sama was simple. According to him
1) It was not against the Shariah and quoted prophetic traditions in support of his views.
2) He fixed a particular procedure to convene these gatherings, the singer had to be a mature adult male.
3) The lyrics of his song were forbidden from being lewd.