Women’s Movement in India [UGC NTA NET Political Science Notes]
The Women’s Movement in India encompasses various social, political, and economic issues that affect women across the country. From early reform efforts to contemporary challenges, the movement has evolved, addressing the needs and rights of women in diverse contexts.
Historical Background
The Women’s Movement in India can be traced back to the early reform movements of the 19th century.
Pre-Independence Era
In the 19th century, reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar championed women’s rights. They addressed critical issues like:
- Sati (the practice of widow burning)
- Child marriage
- Women’s education
These efforts laid the groundwork for women’s organisations. The Women’s Indian Association was established in 1917, advocating for women’s rights.
Post-Independence Era
After India gained independence in 1947, the Constitution of India was enacted in 1950. It guarantees:
- Equality before the law (Article 14)
- Prohibition of discrimination (Article 15)
- Equality of opportunity (Article 16)
Women played a vital role in the freedom struggle. Leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay fought for both independence and women’s rights.
Key Issues Addressed
The Women’s Movement has tackled several key issues over the decades.
Legal Rights
Significant legal reforms include:
- Hindu Succession Act (1956) – Granted women equal inheritance rights
- Dowry Prohibition Act (1961) – Banned the practice of dowry
- Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) – Provided legal protection against domestic abuse
These laws aimed to enhance women’s rights and protect them from violence.
Social Issues
The movement also addresses pressing social issues:
- Gender-based violence
- Sexual harassment
- Workplace discrimination
Health issues, including maternal health and reproductive rights, remain critical areas of concern.
Economic Empowerment
Women’s economic participation has been a focal point. Initiatives like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) support women’s employment and entrepreneurship.
Major Movements and Organizations
The Women’s Movement in India has seen various phases.
Women’s Movements
In the 1970s, the focus shifted to issues like dowry and violence against women. The 1980s marked the emergence of the women’s rights movement, which emphasised legal reforms.
Key Organizations
Several organisations have played a very important role:
- All India Democratic Women’s Association (AIDWA)
- National Federation of Indian Women (NFIW)
- Women’s Rights Organisations (e.g., Jagori, Vimochana)
These organisations mobilise women and advocate for their rights.
Significant Events
Several landmark events have shaped the Women’s Movement in India.
Timeline of Key Events
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1975 | UN declares International Women’s Year; India participates actively |
| 1980 | Formation of the Women’s Commission in India |
| 1992 | 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments reserving seats for women in local bodies |
| 2012 | Nirbhaya case leads to widespread protests and the formation of the Justice Verma Committee |
These events highlight the ongoing fight for women’s rights.
Contemporary Issues
Today, the Women’s Movement faces several challenges.
Gender Equality
Despite progress, issues like the gender pay gap and underrepresentation in politics persist. Women remain underrepresented in decision-making roles.
Violence Against Women
The rise in incidents of sexual violence calls for stricter laws and better enforcement.
Intersectionality
The movement must address the unique challenges faced by women from marginalised communities, including Dalit, Adivasi, and minority women.
Government Initiatives
The Government of India has launched several initiatives to support women’s empowerment.
Notable Initiatives
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao – A campaign to promote the education and survival of the girl child
- Mahila E-Haat – An online marketing platform for women entrepreneurs
- One Stop Centres – Providing support to women facing violence
These initiatives aim to improve the status of women in society.
Global Context
The Women’s Movement in India exists within a broader global framework.
International Women’s Day
Celebrated on March 8, this day marks women’s rights worldwide. It serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggles for gender equality.
UN Women
This UN entity focuses on gender equality and the empowerment of women globally. It supports initiatives that aim to improve women’s rights in various countries, including India.
Challenges Faced
Despite advancements, challenges remain.
Cultural Barriers
Deep-rooted patriarchal norms and societal attitudes hinder progress. Many women face resistance when asserting their rights.
Political Representation
Women are underrepresented in legislative bodies and decision-making roles. This lack of representation limits their influence on policies affecting their lives.
Economic Disparities
Women often have limited access to resources and opportunities. Economic disparities continue to restrict their potential.
Future Directions
The future of the Women’s Movement in India requires strategic approaches.
Policy Reforms
There is a pressing need for comprehensive policies addressing women’s issues. These policies must be inclusive and target the root causes of gender inequality.
Awareness Campaigns
Promoting gender sensitisation and education is crucial. Awareness campaigns can help shift societal attitudes and empower women.
Grassroots Mobilization
Strengthening local women’s groups and networks can enhance the movement’s impact. Grassroots mobilisation encourages community support and encourages collective action.
