Viral Meningitis

March 13, 2025

Recent reports indicate that five students from a private school in Kalamassery, Kerala, have shown symptoms of viral meningitis. Samples have been sent for testing to the National Institute of Virology. This situation marks the importance of understanding viral meningitis, its symptoms, causes, and preventive measures.

What Is Meningitis?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes, known as meninges, that cover the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Viral meningitis is the most common form and is generally less severe than bacterial meningitis.

Severity of Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is usually mild and often resolves without complications. In contrast, bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. It requires immediate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment. Delays can lead to severe complications, including hearing loss and cognitive impairment.

Symptoms of Viral Meningitis

Common symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and photophobia. In young children, symptoms may be less specific, such as irritability and poor feeding. Prompt recognition of these symptoms is crucial for early intervention.

Diagnosis of Viral Meningitis

Diagnosis involves a lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Analysis of CSF helps differentiate between viral and bacterial meningitis. If viral meningitis is suspected, RT-PCR can be used to identify specific viruses.

Treatment Approaches

The treatment for viral meningitis is primarily supportive. Antibiotics are not effective since the cause is viral. Management focuses on pain relief, hydration, and nutrition. Most patients recover fully within one to two weeks.

Recovery Rates

Nearly all cases of viral meningitis recover without long-term effects. In contrast, bacterial meningitis can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly. Early diagnosis is essential to avoid severe outcomes.

Causes of Viral Meningitis

Various viruses can cause meningitis, with enteroviruses being the most common. Other viral agents include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, mumps virus, and cytomegalovirus.

Transmission of Enteroviruses

Enteroviruses spread through direct contact, respiratory secretions, or fecal-oral contamination. They are resilient and can survive outside the body for extended periods. Effective cleaning with bleach can eliminate them from surfaces.

Preventive Measures

Prevention strategies include keeping sick children at home, frequent handwashing, avoiding sharing personal items, and maintaining good hygiene. Vaccination against specific viruses can also reduce the risk of meningitis.

Vaccination and Meningitis

Vaccines are available against bacteria that cause meningitis, such as pneumococcus and meningococcus. Vaccination against mumps and chickenpox can also help prevent viral meningitis.

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