Discuss in the light of the implications of jobless growth on the Indian economy and the necessary reforms to mitigate its effects.
Jobless growth refers to economic expansion that does not create sufficient employment opportunities. In India, this phenomenon is alarming, as it affects the socio-economic fabric of the nation. The Indian economy is particularly prone to jobless growth due to several interlinked factors:
- Primary Sector Dominance: Approximately 70% of India’s workforce is engaged in the primary sector, which only contributes 14% to the GDP. This imbalance indicates a lack of productive employment opportunities.
- Lack of Skill Development: A gap exists in education and vocational training, leading to a mismatch between job requirements and available skills.
- Technological Barriers: Limited technological penetration and financial inclusion hinder the growth of industries that could create jobs.
- Focus on Higher Education: There is an overemphasis on higher education rather than technical and vocational training, which is crucial for job creation.
- Import-Dependent Economy: India’s reliance on imports stifles local manufacturing, which is essential for generating employment.
- Manufacturing Stagnation: The manufacturing sector has seen stagnation, particularly in labour-intensive industries, reducing job opportunities.
- Infrastructure Challenges: Slow infrastructure development hampers industrial growth and job creation.
- Governance Issues: Poor governance and lack of targeted interventions prevent effective policy implementation.
- Neglect of MSMEs: Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are often overlooked, despite their potential for job creation.
To counter jobless growth, India must implement the Niti Aayog action agenda, focusing on industrial and trade policies that promote labour-intensive sectors. Enhancing women’s participation in the workforce and increasing public investment in health, education, and infrastructure are vital steps towards creating a robust job market.