Discuss the influence of ancient Indian literature on the development of classical Indian arts. Provide examples to support your argument.

Ancient Indian literature has profoundly influenced the development of classical Indian arts, encompassing dance, music, and theatre. This relationship is evident in the themes, narratives, and aesthetic principles that classical arts derive from traditional texts.

• Natya Shastra: Authored by Bharata Muni, this ancient treatise on performing arts is foundational to classical dance and theatre forms like Bharatanatyam and Kathakali. It outlines detailed aspects of dance such as gestures (mudras), postures (karana), and expressions (bhava), which are integral to these art forms. The text also discusses the dramatic enactment of stories primarily sourced from Hindu epics.
• Ramayana and Mahabharata: These epic narratives have been crucial in shaping the thematic content of many classical performances. For example, the Ramayana inspires the dance-drama form of Ramlila which dramatizes Rama’s life, embodying the principles of dharma. Similarly, episodes from the Mahabharata are frequently depicted in Kuchipudi and Odissi performances.
• Sangam Literature: It has influenced the themes of Bharatanatyam. The depiction of the five landscapes (tinai) and the associated sentiments (rasa) are often mirrored in the dance’s choreography, showcasing the intrinsic connection between the literary and the performative traditions in South India.

In this way, ancient Indian literature not only enriches the narrative and thematic depth of classical Indian arts but also provides a structured framework that guides their aesthetic and performative techniques. This symbiosis ensures that classical arts remain a vibrant and integral part of India’s cultural heritage.