Trace the influence of colonialism and subsequent freedom struggle upon the evolution of Indian art forms.

Colonialism and the subsequent freedom struggle had a profound influence on the evolution of Indian art forms across domains like painting, literature, music, dance and architecture.

• In painting, colonial patronage and introduction of new techniques like oil colors led to emergence of ‘Company Painting’ catering to British tastes. At the same time, pioneers like Raja Ravi Varma spearheaded modern Indian art by mastering European styles. The Swadeshi movement then witnessed the rise of the Bengal School of Art under Abanindranath Tagore which created nationalist imagery like ‘Bharatmata’. The spread of printing equipment and photography also enabled circulation of affordable art carrying nationalistic themes.
• In language and literature, English education and printing technology facilitated both original writings in Indian languages as well as translation of important texts. Poetry, prose, drama and non-fiction works in various Indian languages voiced nationalist sentiments and rallied public opinion. Rabindranath Tagore’s works played a key cultural role during the freedom movement.
• In music and dance, schools of Hindustani and Carnatic music were revived under colonial patronage. Fusion forms also emerged. Songs and music energized the masses and accentuated nationalist feelings during the freedom struggle, as seen in the impact of Rabindra Sangeet.
• Colonially-exported architectural styles like Gothic, Imperial and Victorian left an imprint on India alongside the promotion of Indo-Saracenic style using Indian design elements. Architectural creations during this complex period hence represented both colonial dominance and the rising Indian nationalist consciousness.

The colonial impact and the dynamics of India’s freedom movement therefore shaped the evolution of modern Indian art across the spectrum, leaving behind a complex yet vibrant legacy.