UPSC Current Affairs – January 9, 2024

Ayodhya’s Historical Significance

GS-1-Indian Culture

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Ayodhya, located on the Sarayu river in Uttar Pradesh, is a historically significant city for Hindus, known as ‘Ram Janmabhoomi’—the birthplace of Lord Rama.
• The name ‘Ayodhya’ is derived from the Sanskrit verb ‘yudh’, meaning ‘to fight’, symbolizing its status as an unconquerable city in ancient texts.
• Historically, Ayodhya was the capital of the Ikshvaku Dynasty, with Lord Rama being a prominent figure born to King Dashrath and Queen Kaushalya.
• Rama’s life included exile due to familial conflict, followed by his return after defeating Ravana, marking significant events in the epic Ramayana.
• Ayodhya is also sacred to Jains and Buddhists; it’s the site related to five Tirthankars and was a significant Buddhist center during Emperor Ashoka’s reign.
• The Ram temple issue revolves around a disputed land claimed as Rama’s birthplace, previously occupied by Babri Masjid, leading to longstanding religious and legal conflicts.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Discuss the historical significance of Ayodhya in shaping the cultural and religious landscape of India.

• Ayodhya as the birthplace of Lord Rama, central to the Hindu epic Ramayana.
• Role as the capital of the ancient Ikshvaku dynasty, enhancing its historical importance.
• Significance in Jainism with the city being associated with several Tirthankars.
• Importance in Buddhism during the Mauryan Empire under Emperor Ashoka’s reign.

Analyze the impact of the Ayodhya dispute on secularism and communal harmony in India.

• Overview of the Ayodhya dispute and its origins involving the Babri Masjid and Ram Janmabhoomi.
• Impact on Hindu-Muslim relations in India, including communal riots and social divisions.
• Role of judiciary and government in resolving the dispute, highlighting the 2019 Supreme Court verdict.
• Discussion on the broader implications for secularism and national unity.

Examine the role of archaeological findings in validating historical and religious claims in Ayodhya.

• Summary of archaeological excavations in Ayodhya, particularly those related to the temple and mosque site.
• Analysis of findings and their significance in supporting or refuting historical claims of the site being Rama’s birthplace.
• Discussion on the challenges of using archaeology in contested religious sites.
• Impact of archaeological evidence on public perception and legal outcomes.

Houthi Attacks on Shipping

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Yemen’s Houthi militia has been attacking merchant ships in the Red Sea since November last year.
• The Red Sea is a crucial trade corridor linking to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal.
• These attacks threaten global supply chains, prompting shipping firms to consider higher insurance premiums or longer routes.
• A US-led force is present in the area, and American warships have engaged Houthi vessels.
• The Houthis have targeted specific ship types, mainly automobile carriers, while generally avoiding oil tankers.
• The attacks are politically motivated, supporting Hamas against Israel, unlike previous piracy in the region which was for ransom.
• The Houthis, backed by Iran, have links with Hamas and have intensified attacks following a conflict initiated by Hamas against Israel.
• Comparatively, Somali pirates targeted ships for ransom without political motives, and their threat has significantly decreased since 2016 due to international military efforts.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Analyze the strategic significance of the Red Sea in global maritime trade and discuss the implications of increased maritime insecurity in this region.

• Importance of the Red Sea as a link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, facilitating trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa.
• Impact on global supply chains due to disruptions in one of the busiest maritime routes.
• Increased insurance costs and rerouting implications for global shipping companies.
• Broader geopolitical consequences involving regional and global powers.

Question 2: Evaluate the role of international coalitions in maintaining maritime security in conflict-prone zones, using the Red Sea region as a case study.

• Overview of the US-led coalition’s efforts in the Red Sea and their effectiveness.
• Comparison with other international efforts in similar regions (e.g., anti-piracy operations off the Somali coast).
• Challenges faced by international coalitions in dealing with non-state actors like the Houthi militia.
• The role of diplomacy and international law in enhancing maritime security.

Question 3: Discuss the impact of regional conflicts on international trade, with specific reference to the Houthi attacks in the Red Sea.

• Connection between regional conflicts and their direct impact on international trade routes.
• Specific challenges posed by the Houthi attacks on merchant ships, including targeted ship types.
• Economic implications for global trade, particularly the automotive and oil industries.
• Long-term strategies for mitigating risks associated with such conflicts.

Taiwan’s Global Importance

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Taiwan’s elections draw global attention due to China’s claim over the island and its strategic geopolitical importance.
• Historically, Taiwan transitioned from a military dictatorship to a vibrant democracy and is now a significant global trader and semiconductor producer.
• China views Taiwan as a breakaway province, asserting historical claims, despite Taiwan’s development as an independent democracy.
• Taiwan’s democratic values and human rights achievements challenge China’s stance that Western democratic values are incompatible with Chinese culture.
• Taiwan enhances its defense and international relations in response to potential threats from China, including extending military service and strengthening unofficial global ties.
• Switzerland, while not recognizing Taiwan as sovereign due to the One-China policy, engages significantly with Taiwan in trade and promotes shared values in democracy and human rights.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Analyze the geopolitical implications of Taiwan’s strategic location in the context of global maritime trade and supply chains.

• Taiwan’s position in the East China Sea, near major shipping lanes critical for global trade.
• Proximity to China, Japan, and Southeast Asia enhances its strategic maritime significance.
• Impact on global supply chains, especially in technology and manufacturing sectors.
• Implications for international security and stability in the Asia-Pacific region.

2. Discuss the role of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry in the global economy and its implications for international relations.

• Dominance of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) in global semiconductor production.
• Significance of semiconductors in modern technology and their pervasive use across various industries.
• Global dependency on Taiwan’s semiconductor supply and the potential risks involved.
• Strategic leverage of Taiwan in international diplomacy and economic negotiations.

3. Evaluate the impact of Taiwan’s democratic development on its international standing and relations, particularly with China and the United States.

• Transformation from an authoritarian regime to a democratic role model in Asia.
• Contrast with China’s political system and the ideological significance for the West.
• Role of the United States in supporting Taiwan’s military and diplomatic stance.
• Challenges in gaining international recognition and membership in global organizations due to China’s opposition.

South Africa’s Genocide Case

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague is set to hear South Africa’s genocide case against Israel.
• South Africa accuses Israel of genocide in Gaza, citing violations of the 1948 Genocide Convention.
• Both Israel and South Africa are signatories to the Genocide Convention, allowing the ICJ jurisdiction over treaty disputes.
• Several countries and organizations, including the Organization of Islamic Countries and Malaysia, support South Africa’s case.
• Other supporters include Turkey, Jordan, Bolivia, the Maldives, Namibia, Pakistan, the Arab League, Colombia, and Brazil.
• Some countries, notably the United States and Israel, oppose the case, with the U.S. calling it meritless.
• The European Union and the United Kingdom have largely remained silent or non-supportive of the case.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Critically examine the role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in addressing allegations of genocide under international law, using the case of South Africa vs. Israel as an example.

• Explanation of the ICJ’s jurisdiction and authority under the UN Charter and the Genocide Convention.
• Details of the South Africa vs. Israel case, focusing on the allegations and the legal arguments presented by South Africa.
• Analysis of how the ICJ’s decisions can influence international relations and the enforcement of international law.

Question 2: Evaluate the implications of international support and opposition for countries involved in cases at the ICJ, with reference to the South Africa vs. Israel genocide case.

• Overview of which countries support or oppose South Africa’s case and their reasons for their stance.
• Discussion on how international support or opposition can affect the proceedings and outcomes at the ICJ.
• Assessment of the broader geopolitical consequences of such international alignments in judicial settings.

Question 3: Analyze the significance of the Genocide Convention in the modern context of international law, citing the ongoing case between South Africa and Israel.

• Historical background and purpose of the 1948 Genocide Convention.
• Examination of how the Genocide Convention has been applied in recent international legal disputes, including the South Africa vs. Israel case.
• Critical analysis of the effectiveness and limitations of the Genocide Convention in preventing and punishing acts of genocide.

Crypto Trends and Challenges

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Bitcoin reached $45,000 as the new year began, signaling a potential end to the crypto winter.
• Sam Bankman-Fried, former CEO of FTX, faces sentencing in March after being convicted of fraud, setting a precedent for crypto regulation enforcement.
• Increased scrutiny on crypto exchanges globally, with Indian regulators issuing legal notices to major exchanges like Binance.
• The upcoming Bitcoin halving event will reduce mining rewards, potentially affecting Bitcoin’s profitability and market volatility.
• Over 100 countries are exploring Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) to enhance transaction ease and regulate digital currencies.
• Rising crypto crimes in India highlight the need for robust regulations and public awareness to safeguard against scams.
• The integration of AI with blockchain technology is influencing market predictions and leading to innovative Web3 products.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the implications of high-profile legal cases in the cryptocurrency sector, such as Sam Bankman-Fried’s sentencing, on global regulatory approaches and investor confidence.

• Setting legal precedents that could deter fraudulent activities in the crypto market.
• Influence on tightening regulations and oversight by financial authorities worldwide.
• Impact on investor confidence, potentially leading to more cautious investment in cryptocurrencies.

Question 2: Evaluate the potential economic impacts of Bitcoin halving events on the cryptocurrency market and related industries.

• Reduction in the reward for mining Bitcoin, affecting profitability for miners.
• Possible increase in Bitcoin’s value due to reduced supply over time.
• Impact on the investment strategies of both individual and institutional investors.

Question 3: Analyze the role of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) in transforming financial systems and their potential effects on traditional banking and monetary policies.

• Facilitation of faster and more secure digital transactions.
• Enhancement of monetary policy effectiveness through improved control over currency circulation.
• Challenges to traditional banking by introducing state-backed digital currencies that could compete with conventional bank deposits.

China Monetary Easing

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Chinese authorities are considering a cut in the reserve ratio to boost lending.
• Zou Lan from PBOC discussed using various monetary tools to support credit growth.
• Recent weeks saw the PBOC inject significant liquidity into the market.
• The central bank aims to adjust policies to support economic growth and manage financial conditions.
• Efforts include preventing fund stagnation and improving liquidity risk management among financial institutions.
• In December 2023, the PBOC provided substantial loans and liquidity to banks, simulating a significant reserve-ratio cut.
• Economists anticipate a further reserve-ratio cut in early 2024 to enhance long-term liquidity.
• Financial markets reacted with declines in major Chinese stock indices and bond yields.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the implications of the People’s Bank of China’s (PBOC) decision to potentially cut the reserve requirement ratio on global financial markets.

• Increased liquidity in the Chinese market could lead to more investment and spending.
• Potential impact on global commodity prices due to increased economic activity in China.
• Effects on global interest rates and exchange rates due to shifts in monetary policy.

Question 2: Evaluate the role of counter-cyclical and cross-cycle policy adjustments in stabilizing an economy. Use the PBOC’s strategies as a reference.

• Definition and purpose of counter-cyclical and cross-cycle policies.
• Analysis of how these policies can mitigate economic fluctuations.
• Examples from PBOC’s recent measures and their intended effects on economic stability.

Question 3: Analyze the potential risks and benefits of the PBOC’s strategy to manage liquidity risk and prevent fund clogging in financial institutions.

• Explanation of liquidity risk and fund clogging in financial institutions.
• Benefits of effective liquidity management for economic stability and growth.
• Potential risks if liquidity is not managed properly, leading to either excessive liquidity or liquidity shortages.

Rising Retail Loans Concern

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Bank credit to individuals and households surpassed ₹50 trillion, with housing loans comprising nearly half.
• Personal loans exceeded industry credit by about 40%, reaching ₹46.13 trillion versus ₹35.83 trillion for industry excluding HDFC merger effects.
• Since 2016-17, industry credit growth has been stagnant due to tightened lending norms and economic disruptions like demonetisation and GST implementation.
• Contrastingly, retail borrowing, especially housing loans, grew due to tax incentives and attractive interest rates.
• Industry borrowing is expected to rise with economic recovery and increased capacity utilization in manufacturing.
• RBI is concerned about the surge in unsecured retail loans such as credit card outstandings and personal loans, which pose higher risks of default.
• To address these risks, RBI increased risk weights for unsecured loans to ensure financial stability.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Analyze the implications of the shift from industrial loans to personal loans in the Indian banking sector. What does this trend indicate about the economic behavior of individuals and industries?

• Shift from industrial loans to personal loans indicates a stagnation in industrial growth and an increase in consumer spending.
• Personal loans growth driven by housing loans, credit card outstandings, and other personal expenditures.
• Indicates cautious or reduced industrial investment due to economic uncertainties or underutilization of capacity.
• Reflects changing priorities of banks towards more secure lending options like housing loans which are collateralized.

Question 2: Discuss the potential risks and benefits of the increasing trend of personal loans, especially unsecured loans, in the context of economic stability and banking health in India.

• Risks include higher default rates and financial instability due to unsecured loans not having collateral.
• Benefits include increased consumer spending which can drive economic growth.
• Impact on banking health, requiring higher provisioning for potential losses, which could affect profitability.
• Regulatory measures by RBI to increase risk weights and provisioning to mitigate risks.

Question 3: Evaluate the role of government and regulatory policies in shaping the lending practices of banks in India, particularly in the context of the recent changes in lending to industry versus personal loans.

• Government and RBI policies influence bank lending through regulatory frameworks, risk weights, and provisioning requirements.
• Impact of economic reforms like GST and demonetization on industrial borrowing.
• Incentives for personal loans through tax benefits and lower interest rates on specific loan categories like housing.
• RBI’s tightening of norms for unsecured loans to prevent potential banking sector risks.

Interim Budget

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The government typically presents the Union Budget annually on February 1 to outline the financial plan for the upcoming fiscal year.
• In election years, the regular budget is replaced by an interim budget to ensure continuity of government operations.
• Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is scheduled to present the interim budget on February 1, 2024, due to the elections occurring that year.
• The interim budget serves as a temporary financial arrangement until a new government can present a full budget post-elections.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the constitutional provisions related to the presentation of the Union Budget in India. How does the process change during an election year?

• Article 112 of the Constitution mandates the government to present an annual financial statement.
• In election years, an interim budget may be presented instead of a full budget.
• The interim budget ensures continuity of government expenditure until the new government presents a full budget.

Question 2: Explain the concept of ‘Vote on Account’ used during the interim budget presentation. How does it differ from the full budget approval process?

• ‘Vote on Account’ allows the government to withdraw funds from the Consolidated Fund of India to meet expenses.
• It is typically valid for a limited period, usually until the full budget is passed.
• Unlike a full budget, it does not include new schemes or detailed expenditures.

Question 3: Analyze the impact of an interim budget on the fiscal policy and economic planning of a country. What are the potential benefits and drawbacks?

• Ensures continuity of government services and avoids a financial standstill.
• Limits government’s ability to introduce new welfare schemes or make significant changes in taxation.
• May affect investor and market confidence due to uncertainty over future policy directions.

Shark Meat Consumption Risks

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Shark and ray meat consumption in India has expanded beyond traditional tribal and coastal communities to include middle- and upper-class Indians and foreign tourists.
• This increased demand is contributing to unsustainable fishing practices, threatening shark species in India, the world’s third largest exploiter of these animals.
• Researchers surveyed 2,649 seafood restaurants across 10 coastal states and territories in India, finding shark meat on the menus of 292 restaurants.
• Goa and Tamil Nadu are the primary states where shark meat is popular, accounting for 70% of the restaurants serving it.
• Annually, approximately 251.6 tonnes of shark meat are sold in Indian restaurants, equating to around 83,866 sharks.
• The study highlights that the meat trade of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) is more significant in volume and value than the fin trade, yet it is less studied.
• Over a third of shark and ray species globally are threatened with extinction, primarily due to overfishing driven by human consumption.
• Local consumption patterns in Goa, influenced by both residents and foreign tourists, reflect a growing demand for shark meat.
• The study suggests that increased local consumption of shark meat in India threatens both small-bodied and juvenile large-bodied shark species.
• Researchers recommend reducing shark and ray consumption through alternative seafood options, bycatch reduction, increased pricing, and consumer awareness campaigns about health risks from heavy metals in shark meat.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Analyze the socio-economic factors that have led to the increased consumption of shark and ray meat among the middle and upper classes in India.

• Increased disposable income allowing for diversification of diet.
• Globalization and exposure to international cuisines making exotic meats more desirable.
• Perception of exotic meats as a status symbol among the affluent classes.
• Increased urbanization leading to more restaurants offering diverse menu options including shark and ray meat.

Question 2: Discuss the environmental implications of the rising demand for shark and ray meat in India and suggest sustainable alternatives.

• Overfishing leading to depletion of shark and ray populations, some of which are already threatened or endangered.
• Disruption of marine ecosystems due to the removal of top predators like sharks.
• Potential collapse of fisheries and loss of biodiversity.
• Sustainable alternatives could include promoting the consumption of less threatened fish species, aquaculture, or plant-based seafood substitutes.

Question 3: Evaluate the effectiveness of India’s regulatory framework in protecting endangered marine species, particularly in the context of shark and ray conservation.

• Assessment of existing laws and regulations, such as the ban on live-finning and the protection of certain species.
• Challenges in enforcement and monitoring of fishing practices.
• Impact of legal loopholes that allow continued consumption and trade of shark and ray meat.
• Recommendations for strengthening policies, improving enforcement, and increasing public awareness and compliance.

India’s Tree Planting Policy

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Tree planting is emphasized by India’s National Forest Policy and international commitments, influencing state forest activities.
• Most of India’s land area is tropical dry forest, characterized by sparse tree cover and prone to drought, supporting both human and animal populations.
• Efforts in states like Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have significantly increased forest cover through schemes like Haritha Haram and compensatory afforestation.
• Tree planting for satellite detection often involves fast-growing species, which may not match the natural vegetation of the area.
• The set target of 33% forest cover in India lacks a scientific basis and may lead to negative ecological impacts, such as loss of biodiversity and reduced water availability.
• The 15th Finance Commission recognizes varying forest canopy cover but lacks incentives for preserving low-cover ecosystems like grasslands.
• Restoration should focus on returning lands to their natural states rather than creating monoculture plantations, and policies should promote conservation of diverse ecosystems.
• Reliance on satellite imagery for monitoring forest health is inadequate as it does not fully capture ecosystem health, and policies should avoid encouraging inappropriate tree planting.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the implications of prioritizing fast-growing tree species in afforestation projects in India’s tropical dry forest biome.

• Fast-growing species like teak and eucalyptus can quickly increase forest cover to meet satellite imaging detection thresholds.
• These species often lead to monoculture plantations, which can reduce biodiversity compared to more varied native species.
• Monocultures may not provide the same level of ecosystem services, such as supporting varied wildlife, as diverse forests.
• There can be negative impacts on water availability as these species often have higher water consumption rates.

Question 2: Evaluate the role of the Finance Commission in promoting forest conservation in India and suggest improvements.

• The 15th Finance Commission recognized varying forest canopy densities and adjusted fund devolution accordingly, promoting more accurate forest cover assessments.
• However, it lacks incentives for preserving low canopy ecosystems like grasslands and scrublands, which are biodiversity-rich and often misclassified as wastelands.
• Improvements could include introducing financial incentives for states to conserve and restore these ecosystems.
• Developing criteria that recognize the ecological value of different land covers beyond just tree density could also be beneficial.

Question 3: Analyze the potential ecological and social impacts of achieving the 33% forest cover target set by India’s National Forest Policy.

• The target may lead to aggressive tree planting, potentially at the expense of other ecosystems like grasslands and scrublands, which are crucial for certain wildlife and pastoral communities.
• Reduction in grassland areas can affect the livelihoods of pastoral communities who depend on these lands for grazing.
• Increased tree cover in inappropriate areas could lead to decreased water availability in some regions, impacting agricultural and drinking water supplies.
• Ecological imbalance due to inappropriate species selection and loss of habitat diversity could result from non-scientifically backed targets.

Saffron Cultivation Decline

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The Khrew area in Pampore, Kashmir, historically known for saffron cultivation, now has only one saffron farmer left due to industrial pollution.
• Mohammad Maqbool Shah, the remaining farmer, manages 15 kanals of land and is concerned about the future of saffron cultivation in the region.
• The decline in saffron farming is primarily attributed to the pollution from nearby cement factories, which damage the quantity and quality of saffron.
• Saffron, a delicate flower, is adversely affected by cement dust, which deteriorates its quality by settling on the stigma during the flowering season.
• The pollution has led to a significant reduction in saffron yield, from 150 gm per kanal to 70 gm, and has forced many farmers to abandon their fields or sell them.
• Despite the high market value of Kashmiri saffron, the industry is struggling due to decreased production and quality, leading to reduced profitability for farmers.
• Local authorities and the Saffron Growers Association have expressed concerns and called for action to mitigate the impact of industrial pollution on saffron cultivation.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the impact of industrial pollution on traditional agricultural practices, using the decline of saffron cultivation in Kashmir as a case study.

• Industrial expansion leading to environmental degradation.
• Specific impact of cement factories on saffron cultivation through dust and chemical emissions.
• Changes in soil pH and air quality affecting crop yield and quality.
• Economic implications for local farmers and the regional economy.
• Policy measures needed to protect traditional agriculture.

Question 2: Evaluate the role of government and media in safeguarding the interests of small-scale farmers against industrial encroachments, with reference to the saffron growers in Kashmir.

• Assessment of government policies and their implementation.
• Role of media in highlighting the plight of farmers.
• Influence of industrial lobbying on policy decisions.
• Need for sustainable development that balances industrial growth and agricultural preservation.
• Examples of successful intervention or lack thereof.

Question 3: Analyze the socio-economic factors contributing to the decline in saffron production in Kashmir and suggest remedial measures.

• Impact of urbanization and industrialization on agricultural land use.
• Climate change effects on traditional farming practices.
• Economic viability of saffron cultivation given current challenges.
• Strategies for revitalizing saffron production through technological and financial support.
• Role of cooperative societies and farmer associations in advocating for farmer rights and sustainable practices.

Declining Fish Populations

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Fishermen like Gumaanbhai Jaisinh Rathod used to catch significant amounts of fish daily, supporting their families and community activities.
• Industrial expansion in Dahej, Gujarat, particularly the development of the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) since 1990, has led to increased pollution.
• Local fishermen now catch fewer and smaller fish due to water contamination from industrial chemicals, affecting their income and livelihood.
• The pollution has not only reduced fish stocks but also caused health issues among the community, such as skin rashes and chemical odors in fish.
• Efforts by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board to control and monitor industrial pollution have been inadequate, with many industries found discharging untreated wastewater into the sea.
• Local youth, facing diminished fishing returns, are compelled to seek employment in the industrial sector, often under precarious conditions and low wages.
• The traditional livelihoods of fishing communities are being replaced by industrial labor due to the rapid industrial growth in the region.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the socio-economic impacts of industrial pollution on traditional livelihoods in coastal regions, using Dahej as a case study.

• Reduction in fish population due to pollution affects local fishermen’s income.
• Shift from traditional fishing to seeking employment in industrial units, often unstable and low-paying jobs.
• Social issues such as health problems due to pollution and changing family dynamics as younger generations seek other forms of employment.

Question 2: Evaluate the role of government policies in balancing industrial growth and environmental conservation in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) like Dahej.

• Introduction of policies like the Petroleum, Chemical and Petrochemicals Investment Region (PCPIR) Policy aimed at boosting industrial growth.
• Impact of these policies on local ecosystems and communities, often leading to environmental degradation.
• Measures taken by government bodies like the Gujarat Pollution Control Board to mitigate environmental damage, and their effectiveness.

Question 3: Analyze the challenges and effectiveness of environmental governance in India with reference to industrial waste management in coastal areas.

• Challenges in enforcing environmental regulations in rapidly industrializing regions.
• Role of local governance bodies and their capacity to monitor and control industrial pollution.
• Case studies of successful or failed governance models in managing industrial waste, including the role of the National Green Tribunal (NGT).

Birds Shift Elevations

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Bird species in northeastern India are moving to higher elevations due to rising temperatures caused by deforestation.
• Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science studied bird shifts in Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, noting logged forests were warmer and less humid than undisturbed forests.
• Smaller birds adapted better to logged forests, while larger birds increased in primary forests due to cooler temperatures and more resources.
• The study, spanning 2011-2021, involved capturing and analyzing over 6,000 birds, focusing on understory insectivores.
• Findings suggest that while some bird populations adapted by moving to higher elevations, others could not sustain themselves long-term in degraded habitats.
• The research underscores the importance of protecting primary forests to mitigate climate change impacts on bird populations and prevent potential local extinctions.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the impact of deforestation on the microclimate of forests and its subsequent effects on avian species in the Eastern Himalayas.

• Deforestation leads to increased temperatures and reduced humidity in affected areas.
• Changes in microclimate adversely affect the habitat suitability for various bird species, particularly larger birds that require cooler and more humid environments.
• Shifts in bird populations to higher elevations in search of suitable habitats, impacting biodiversity and ecosystem balance.

Question 2: Explain how the physiological traits of bird species influence their adaptability to logged forests in tropical montane regions.

• Smaller bird species can tolerate higher temperatures, making them more adaptable to logged forests.
• Larger bird species, requiring more energy and cooler climates, are less adaptable to these changes and prefer primary forests.
• The availability of resources like food (insect populations) is crucial for the survival of these species, influencing their distribution and density.

Question 3: Evaluate the role of conservation strategies in mitigating the effects of climate change on bird populations in montane ecosystems.

• Protection of primary forests is essential to provide refuge and stable habitats for bird species as they shift to higher elevations in response to climate change.
• Effective management of logging activities to ensure that elevational gradients remain covered by undisturbed forests, facilitating species migration without encountering degraded habitats.
• Long-term monitoring and research to understand the impacts of combined threats of habitat loss and climate change on biodiversity, guiding adaptive conservation policies.

African Raptors Declining

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Raptors in Africa have declined by 88% over the past 40 years.
• 37 out of 42 studied species show population decreases; 29 of these meet IUCN’s criteria for potential global extinction risk.
• Significant declines noted in species previously categorized as Least Concern, suggesting a need for status reassessment.
• Endemic species like the secretarybird and martial eagle are declining faster than others.
• Major threats include habitat loss, prey-base depletion, and anthropogenic disturbances.
• Human population growth and land conversion in Africa exacerbate habitat degradation.
• West Africa faces more severe declines due to higher rates of agricultural expansion and conservation challenges like corruption and underfunding.
• Protected Areas (PAs) are increasingly vital but also losing ecological integrity, threatening their role as refuges for raptors.
• Additional threats to raptors include poisoning, electrocution, and collisions with energy infrastructure.
• Decline in raptor populations can disrupt ecosystems and reduce services like carcass removal, which helps prevent disease spread.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the implications of rapid human population growth on wildlife conservation efforts in Africa, particularly focusing on raptors.

• Increased land conversion and habitat degradation due to agricultural expansion.
• Loss of prey base and natural habitats for raptors leading to population declines.
• Pressure on Protected Areas (PAs) which are unable to maintain ecological integrity due to increased human activities.

Question 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of Protected Areas (PAs) in conserving raptor species in Africa in the light of recent studies.

• Assessment of the ecological integrity of PAs and their capacity to serve as refugia for threatened species.
• Comparison of raptor population declines within PAs versus unprotected lands.
• Challenges faced by PAs such as underfunding, mismanagement, and external human pressures.

Question 3: Analyze the role of international conservation frameworks like the IUCN in addressing the decline of raptor populations in Africa.

• Explanation of IUCN criteria for assessing species’ risk of extinction and how it applies to raptors.
• Discussion on the re-assessment needs for species currently listed under ‘Least Concern’.
• Impact of global conservation policies on local conservation efforts and species survival.

Rising Cyclone Wave Impact

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Ocean surface waves induced by tropical cyclones (TC) have increased in height and area over the past 43 years.
• The increase in wave height and footprint area is more significant than the increase in TC maximum wind speeds.
• Global wave energy has risen by about 9% per decade, primarily due to the expanding wave area.
• The most significant increases in TC wave footprint were observed in the North Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and North Indian Ocean.
• TCs are crucial in transferring energy from the atmosphere to the ocean, helping maintain the energy balance at the air-sea interface.
• The study utilized ERA5 wave reanalysis data covering 1979-2022 to analyze these trends.
• Additional research highlights that TCs can cause deep ocean mixing, affecting ocean circulation and potentially altering global climate patterns.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Analyze the implications of increasing tropical cyclone-induced ocean wave heights and energy on coastal ecosystems and human settlements.

• Increased erosion and loss of coastal habitats such as mangroves and coral reefs.
• Heightened risk of flooding in coastal areas, impacting human settlements and infrastructure.
• Disruption of marine life due to changes in the underwater landscape and nutrient distribution.

Question 2: Discuss the role of advanced atmospheric reanalysis tools like ERA5 in enhancing our understanding of climate phenomena such as tropical cyclones.

• ERA5 provides high-resolution, hourly data that helps in detailed tracking and analysis of weather systems.
• Improves the accuracy of climate models and forecasts by providing comprehensive historical data.
• Facilitates research on long-term climate trends and their impact on extreme weather events.

Question 3: Evaluate the economic impact of tropical cyclones on countries with significant coastal populations, with a focus on long-term recovery and resilience building.

• Immediate economic losses due to damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and disruption of services.
• Long-term economic impacts including tourism decline, increased insurance costs, and diversion of resources from development to recovery efforts.
• Strategies for resilience building such as improved coastal defenses, early warning systems, and sustainable urban planning.

Sisal for Sustainable Menstruation

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The ancient Aztec and Mayan civilizations initially used sisal leaves to make paper.
• Sisal leaves have been utilized for various products like twine, cloth, and carpets, and the plant is also used in mezcal production.
• Stanford University scientists developed a highly absorbent material from sisal leaves for sustainable menstrual products.
• This new material could replace cotton, wood pulp, and chemical absorbents in sanitary napkins due to its superior absorption capacity.
• The production method is environmentally friendly, using no toxic chemicals and can be implemented on a small scale locally.
• There’s a significant global need for accessible and affordable menstrual hygiene products, with many regions still lacking proper access.
• Current sanitary napkins are not sustainable, contributing to environmental pollution and potential health risks from chemicals like dioxin.
• Sisal is a drought-resistant plant, making it a viable source for absorbent material in arid regions, unlike other plants like bananas.
• The sisal-based production process involves mechanical and mild chemical treatments to extract absorbent cellulose fibers.
• The environmental impact of this sisal-based process is low, with potential for on-site raw material processing using solar energy.
• The team is testing this method in Nepal and plans to expand teaching and local manufacturing capabilities.
• Future plans include engaging students globally to explore the usability of various plants for similar applications.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the potential environmental and economic impacts of replacing traditional raw materials with sisal in the production of sanitary napkins.

• Reduction in the use of non-biodegradable synthetic materials.
• Decrease in water consumption compared to cotton cultivation.
• Potential cost reduction due to local sourcing and processing.
• Lower carbon footprint from reduced transportation if produced locally.

Question 2: Evaluate the role of innovative technologies in addressing menstrual hygiene management in low-resource settings.

• Accessibility improvements through local production capabilities.
• Cost-effectiveness by utilizing locally available resources.
• Environmental sustainability by reducing reliance on polluting chemicals.
• Enhancement of community health through better hygiene products.

Question 3: How can distributed manufacturing contribute to sustainable development goals, particularly in the context of producing environmentally friendly menstrual hygiene products?

• Supports local economies by creating jobs and building local expertise.
• Reduces environmental impact through localized supply chains and production.
• Improves product accessibility and affordability in remote areas.
• Encourages innovation and use of sustainable materials like sisal.

India’s Tiger Conservation

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Project Tiger was launched in 1973, establishing Tiger Reserves across India, which became statutory in 2006.
• The number of Tiger Reserves grew from nine in 1973 to 54 in 2022, covering 2.38% of India’s land area.
• India’s tiger population increased from 1,827 in 1972 to between 3,167 and 3,925 in 2022, using improved counting methods.
• The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 and subsequent amendments, including the creation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority in 2006, aimed to protect tigers and their habitats.
• The Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH) was established to protect areas essential for tiger survival, but its implementation often led to conflicts with local communities.
• The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act of 2006 recognized the rights of forest-dwelling communities, aiming to balance conservation with community rights.
• Despite legal frameworks, the establishment of Tiger Reserves and CTHs often proceeded without adequate consultation or consent from local communities, leading to displacement and conflict.
• Relocation policies under various laws provided for compensation and resettlement, but implementation was inconsistent and often insufficient to meet the needs of displaced communities.
• Efforts to expand tiger habitats and link Tiger Reserves have led to increased tensions and potential conflicts between conservation goals and community rights.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the evolution of tiger conservation policies in India from Project Tiger to the establishment of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). How have these policies impacted the tiger population and forest conservation?

• Introduction of Project Tiger in 1973 to address the declining tiger population.
• Statutory recognition of Tiger Reserves in 2006 and the establishment of NTCA.
• Implementation of scientific methods like camera-trapping for tiger census leading to more accurate population estimates.
• Increased tiger population and expansion of protected areas under the tiger conservation program.
• Role of NTCA in coordinating conservation efforts and resolving human-animal conflicts.

Question 2: Analyze the impact of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and its amendments on the rights of forest-dwelling communities, particularly in the context of Critical Tiger Habitats (CTH).

• Overview of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and its objectives.
• Introduction of Critical Tiger Habitats (CTH) and their implications for forest conservation.
• Impact of the 2006 amendment on forest dwellers’ rights and the introduction of voluntary relocation programs.
• Challenges faced by forest-dwelling communities, including displacement and restricted access to resources.
• Efforts to balance tiger conservation with the rights and livelihoods of indigenous communities.

Question 3: Evaluate the effectiveness of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, in protecting the rights of indigenous communities within Tiger Reserves.

• Purpose and key provisions of the Forest Rights Act, 2006.
• Recognition of individual and community rights over forest land, including within Tiger Reserves.
• Role of Gram Sabhas in managing and conserving forest resources.
• Challenges in the implementation of the Act, including conflicts with wildlife conservation goals.
• Case studies or examples illustrating the impact of the Act on indigenous communities and forest conservation.

Private Moon Landing

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• A private US company launched a spacecraft with NASA instruments from Florida aiming for the first US Moon landing in over 50 years.
• The spacecraft, part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS), is a collaboration with the private sector under the Artemis programme.
• Technical issues arose post-launch, threatening the mission by affecting the spacecraft’s solar power generation.
• The spacecraft, expected to land on the Moon by February 23, carries scientific payloads including a Laser Retroreflector Array for precision measurements.
• This mission marks a significant step in NASA’s renewed lunar exploration efforts, aiming for longer stays and deeper space missions from the Moon.
• NASA’s collaboration with private companies like Astrobotic Technology and United Launch Alliance underlines a strategic shift towards commercial partnerships in space exploration.

Potential Questions for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Discuss the significance of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative in the context of public-private partnerships in space exploration.

• CLPS as a model for leveraging private sector capabilities and innovation.
• Enhancement of cost-efficiency and technological advancements through competition and collaboration.
• Role of CLPS in accelerating the Artemis program and broader lunar exploration goals.
• Impact on the sustainability and scalability of space missions.

Question 2: Evaluate the implications of increasing private sector involvement in lunar and other celestial missions on global space policies and treaties.

• Shift from state-dominated to more privatized space exploration and its challenges.
• Concerns regarding the militarization and commercialization of space.
• Need for updated international regulations and agreements to manage private space activities.
• Potential for international collaborations and conflicts.

Question 3: Analyze the potential scientific and technological benefits of deploying instruments like the Laser Retroreflector Array on the lunar surface.

• Enhancement of precise distance measurement technologies and their applications.
• Contribution to fundamental physics and astronomy research.
• Role in facilitating future navigation and communication systems on the Moon.
• Support for international scientific collaboration and data sharing.