UPSC Current Affairs – January 20-22, 2024

Global Spread of Ramayana

GS-1-Indian Culture

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The Ramayana, originally a Sanskrit epic, has been popular in India for millennia and has spread globally through various forms such as folk theatre and puppet shows.
• Historically, the epic reached Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos in the early Christian era, primarily through Indian traders and religious emissaries.
• These traders and emissaries not only shared goods but also Indian cultural, religious traditions, and stories like the Ramayana, influencing local cultures deeply.
• In regions like Thailand, the Ramayana became so integrated into the culture that it influenced royal dynasties and national epics, such as Thailand’s Ramakien.
• Distinct local versions of the Ramayana emerged in Southeast Asia, incorporating local folklore and characters, which sometimes depicted different perspectives of the story, such as in Cambodia and Indonesia.
• In the 19th century, the Ramayana spread to Africa, the Caribbean, and Oceania with the migration of indentured laborers from India, who carried the epic as a cultural and spiritual anchor in foreign lands.
• The epic provided a sense of identity and connection to their homeland for these laborers, amidst challenging and often oppressive conditions.
• Today, the Ramayana continues to be an important cultural and religious text in many of these regions, celebrated through local traditions and festivals.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Examine the role of cultural exchange in the spread of Indian epics like the Ramayana to Southeast Asia during the early centuries of the Christian era.

• Trade routes facilitated not only the exchange of goods but also cultural and religious ideas.
• Indian traders, scholars, and religious figures such as Brahmin priests and Buddhist monks played a crucial role in this cultural transmission.
• The adaptation of the Ramayana into local cultures, leading to versions like the Ramakien in Thailand, shows the deep integration of Indian culture into Southeast Asian societies.

Critically discuss the impact of the Ramayana on national identities in countries outside India, particularly in Southeast Asia.

• The Ramayana has been adopted and adapted to fit local myths, incorporating local deities and cultural norms.
• This epic has contributed to the construction of national identities, as seen in Thailand where the Ramakien is considered the national epic.
• The influence is evident in political and royal symbolism, such as the naming of Thai kings in the Chakri dynasty after Lord Rama.

Evaluate the significance of the Ramayana in maintaining cultural continuity among the Indian diaspora in the 19th century, particularly in regions like the Caribbean and Africa.

• The Ramayana provided a sense of identity and cultural continuity for the girmitiyas, helping them maintain connections with their homeland.
• It served as a moral and spiritual guide in challenging circumstances, offering solace and a sense of community.
• The epic’s themes of exile and eventual return resonated deeply with the diaspora’s experiences, reinforcing cultural resilience and adaptation.

FCRA Licence Cancellation

GS-2-Governance

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The Government of India cancelled the FCRA licence of the Centre for Policy Research, citing its publications as current affairs programming, which is prohibited for entities using FCRA funds.
• The Centre for Policy Research, a leading think tank, has contributed to public policy debates for over fifty years, supporting democratic consensus-building.
• This action is seen as part of a broader pattern where the government uses the FCRA to target organizations it disfavours, particularly those involved in environmental, civil liberties, and human rights issues.
• The FCRA, originally enacted during the Emergency period to prevent foreign interference, has been increasingly used to restrict civil society’s operations through stringent amendments.
• International criticism, such as from the International Commission of Jurists, highlights the FCRA’s restrictions as incompatible with international law, impacting civil society’s functionality.
• Following the CPR’s FCRA cancellation, World Vision India also faced a similar fate, indicating a continued governmental crackdown on NGOs.
• Despite India’s international image aspirations, actions like these contribute to negative perceptions, affecting its rankings in global democracy and freedom indices.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: #ERROR: Canceled.

Interception and Privacy Concerns

GS-2-Indian Constitution & Polity

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The President of India approved the Post Office Bill, 2023, replacing the Indian Post Office Act, 1898.
• The new Post Office Act lacks defined emergency conditions and procedural safeguards against misuse of interception powers.
• The Telecommunications Bill, 2023, also approved, updates interception rules from older telegraph-related laws, requiring procedural safeguards before implementation.
• Interception under the IT Act is broader, not limited by public emergency or safety, but still requires prescribed procedures and safeguards.
• The Supreme Court has historically imposed safeguards to prevent arbitrary interception, emphasizing privacy rights under the Constitution.
• Despite past court rulings requiring justification for interceptions, the new Post Office Act does not include such procedural safeguards, potentially threatening privacy.
• There is no accountability mechanism in the new laws for misuse of interception powers, unlike in previous laws where specific penalties were prescribed.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the implications of the absence of defined procedural safeguards in the Post Office Bill, 2023, on the right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution of India.

• Understanding the right to privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21.
• Analysis of the Post Office Bill, 2023 provisions regarding interception of communications.
• Comparison with previous laws and the requirements set by Supreme Court judgments for procedural safeguards to prevent misuse of power.
• Implications of not defining ’emergency’ and its potential for abuse.
• Consequences for citizens’ privacy and trust in the postal system.

2. Evaluate the role of the judiciary in upholding the procedural safeguards necessary for interception of communications, referencing key Supreme Court judgments.

• Overview of the judiciary’s role in interpreting and enforcing constitutional rights.
• Discussion of landmark Supreme Court cases related to interception (e.g., PUCL vs Union of India).
• Analysis of the principles laid down by the court for lawful interception.
• Impact of judicial oversight on legislative actions concerning interception.
• Current challenges and gaps in the legal framework that still need addressing.

3. Discuss the potential consequences of the lack of accountability mechanisms in the interception provisions of the new Telecommunication and Post Office Acts.

• Explanation of accountability mechanisms and their importance in governance.
• Review of interception provisions in the new Telecommunication and Post Office Acts.
• Analysis of the risks associated with the absence of such mechanisms.
• Potential for misuse of powers by authorities without accountability.
• Long-term impact on civil liberties and public trust in government institutions.

Escalating Regional Crisis

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The conflict began with a military confrontation between Israel and Hamas, escalating into a regional crisis involving multiple actors.
• Hezbollah and other Iran-backed militias expanded the conflict by targeting Israel and U.S. interests, in solidarity with Palestinians.
• Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping routes prompted U.S. airstrikes in Yemen, further complicating regional security.
• Retaliatory strikes by the U.S. and Israel against militia positions in Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon have led to widespread instability.
• The conflict has persisted without resolution, leading to a significant death toll and continuous military engagements.
• Despite the ongoing conflict, a détente between Saudi Arabia and Iran, and peace with the Houthis, provides a glimmer of hope for regional stability.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Examine the role of non-state actors in escalating the conflict dynamics in West Asia.

• Definition of non-state actors in the context of international relations.
• Examples of non-state actors involved in the West Asia conflict (e.g., Hamas, Hezbollah, Houthis).
• Impact of their actions on regional stability and international security.
• Their relationships with state actors and influence on state policies.
• Challenges in addressing threats posed by non-state actors in diplomatic and military strategies.

Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international diplomatic efforts to manage the West Asia crisis.

• Overview of recent international diplomatic initiatives aimed at resolving the crisis.
• Roles played by key international organizations (e.g., UN, Arab League).
• Analysis of the successes and failures of these diplomatic efforts.
• Impact of major powers’ interests on the effectiveness of diplomacy.
• Recommendations for improving diplomatic interventions in the region.

Discuss the implications of the ongoing conflict in West Asia on global economic stability, particularly focusing on energy security and trade routes.

• Importance of West Asia in global energy markets and trade.
• Specific impacts of the conflict on oil prices and energy supplies.
• Threats to major trade routes, such as the Red Sea and its impact on global trade.
• Responses from major global economies to secure their energy and trade interests.
• Long-term economic consequences for global markets if the conflict continues or escalates.

Global Challenges Discussed

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Annual gathering in Davos to discuss global challenges, criticized for elitism but provides insights into reactions of the rich and powerful.
• Artificial Intelligence was a central topic, discussing its benefits and risks such as regulation needs, job losses, and misinformation, with a general consensus that positives outweigh negatives.
• Geopolitical instability and wars highlighted risks to global supply chains and food security, with no clear solutions for peace, particularly in the Middle East.
• Climate change discussions emphasized the urgent need for business adaptation and global cooperation, with calls for developed countries to finance climate actions in developing nations.
• China’s economic slowdown and efforts to attract Western investment amidst geopolitical tensions, particularly in technology sectors.
• India’s rapid economic growth and potential highlighted, along with its role in promoting gender equity through the launch of a Global Good Alliance.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Examine the role of artificial intelligence in shaping global economic policies as discussed in recent international forums.

• Transformational impact of AI on industries and economies.
• Debate on regulation and ethical concerns surrounding AI.
• AI’s potential to address or exacerbate global inequalities.
• Examples from recent forums where AI’s economic impact was a key topic.

Critically discuss the implications of geopolitical conflicts on global supply chains and food security as highlighted in international summits.

• Overview of current geopolitical conflicts affecting global trade.
• Impact on global supply chains and specific industries.
• Consequences for global food security and regional stability.
• Analysis of discussions and solutions proposed at recent international summits.

Evaluate the effectiveness of international collaborations in addressing climate change, with a focus on the commitments made by developed and developing nations.

• Current international agreements and their goals for climate action.
• Role of developed nations in financing and technology transfer.
• Participation and commitments of developing countries.
• Challenges and successes as discussed in recent global forums.

India-Myanmar Border Fencing

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Home Minister Amit Shah announced the fencing of the entire India-Myanmar border to secure it and end the Free Movement Regime (FMR).
• The India-Myanmar border is largely unfenced, stretching through five Indian states, and has allowed visa-free travel up to 16 km into each country for local tribes since 2018.
• The FMR was intended to aid local trade and maintain ethnic ties disrupted by historical border demarcation.
• Recent conflicts in Manipur involving ethnic groups and accusations of illegal migration have led to criticism of the FMR.
• Issues such as drug trafficking and illegal activities have been exacerbated by the porous nature of the border.
• Despite the benefits of the FMR for local communities, the ongoing crisis in Myanmar and security concerns have prompted a reevaluation and suspension of the regime.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Examine the strategic implications of fencing the entire India-Myanmar border on regional security and bilateral relations.

• Enhanced border security and its impact on illegal activities such as drug trafficking and insurgency.
• Potential strain on India-Myanmar relations due to perceived militarization of the border.
• Impact on local communities, especially those with cross-border familial and ethnic ties.

Critically evaluate the role of the Free Movement Regime (FMR) in fostering socio-economic development in the border areas of India and Myanmar.

• Facilitation of cross-border trade and economic activities benefiting local economies.
• Improvement in social relations through cultural exchanges and familial interactions.
• Challenges posed by unregulated movement, including security risks and illegal activities.

Discuss the potential consequences of modifying the Free Movement Regime (FMR) in the context of the ongoing ethnic conflicts in Manipur.

• Impact on the ethnic dynamics and tensions in Manipur, particularly between different tribal groups.
• Possible effects on the refugee situation and humanitarian issues.
• Changes in local perceptions of national security and community safety.

Equitable SC Benefit Distribution

GS-2-Social Justice

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The Union government has established a high-level committee led by the Cabinet Secretary to address the distribution of benefits among over 1,200 Scheduled Castes, focusing on those most marginalized within this group.
• This initiative follows a promise by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the Madiga community in Telangana, who have been overshadowed by the more dominant Mala community in accessing government benefits and reservations.
• Similar issues of unequal benefit distribution among Scheduled Castes have been reported in other states, prompting some to attempt legal sub-categorization, which has been challenged in courts.
• The committee’s broader mandate is to explore alternative methods to ensure equitable distribution of government schemes and benefits across all similarly disadvantaged SC communities nationwide.
• The committee includes Secretaries from various ministries and is tasked with designing special initiatives and adjusting existing programs to better serve targeted SC communities.
• While the committee is not to consider splitting the SC quota, it may form opinions on this matter for government consideration.
• Historically, the demand for sub-categorization was recognized legally as possible, and the necessity for empirical evidence to support such measures was emphasized.
• The Supreme Court is set to hear arguments on the permissibility of sub-categorizing SCs and STs, which could impact the committee’s considerations and actions.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the implications of sub-categorising Scheduled Castes on the existing reservation system in India.

• Assess the potential benefits of more targeted support for the most marginalized within the SCs.
• Analyze the challenges in implementing such a sub-categorisation, including political, social, and legal hurdles.
• Discuss the impact on unity within the SC communities and the broader societal implications.

2. Evaluate the role of empirical evidence in shaping policies related to caste-based reservations in India.

• Discuss the importance of data in identifying the actual needs of different SC communities.
• Analyze past instances where empirical data has influenced reservation policies.
• Examine the challenges in collecting reliable and comprehensive data for this purpose.

3. Explain the significance of the Supreme Court’s role in determining the constitutionality of sub-categorising Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

• Outline the legal framework surrounding the sub-categorisation of SCs and STs.
• Analyze previous Supreme Court rulings related to reservation policies and their implications for sub-categorisation.
• Discuss the potential outcomes of the Supreme Court’s decision on this matter and its impact on future policies.

Manipuri Tribal Status Conflict

GS-2-Social Justice

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The Kuki-Zo communities in Manipur are facing a call to be stripped of their Scheduled Tribe status.
• This demand is led by Meitei politician Maheshwar Thounaojam, who claims the Kuki-Zos are not indigenous to Manipur.
• Recent ethnic clashes in Manipur have intensified tensions, with over 200 deaths reported.
• The Chief Minister of Manipur plans to form an all-tribe committee to examine the delisting demand.
• Meiteis, the largest ethnic group in Manipur, lack Scheduled Tribe status and have historically sought inclusion.
• The Kuki-Zo community views the delisting demand as retaliatory due to their opposition to the Meitei ST demand.
• Thounaojam’s petition to the Union ministry argues the Kuki-Zos should be delisted based on non-indigeneity and potential misuse of the Any Kuki Tribecategory.
• Kuki-Zo activists counter that indigeneity is not a criterion for Scheduled Tribe status, which is based on distinct cultural and social traits.
• The Any Kuki Tribecategory was created to include unspecified Kuki-Zo sub-tribes, reflecting the complexity of tribal identification.
• Local legal experts criticize the government’s handling of the issue, indicating a lack of understanding of the law and constitution.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Critically examine the implications of delisting the Kuki-Zo communities from the Scheduled Tribe category in Manipur on the socio-political stability in the region.

• Impact on affirmative action benefits for Kuki-Zo communities.
• Potential increase in ethnic tensions and violence between Kuki-Zos and Meiteis.
• Legal and constitutional challenges related to the criteria for Scheduled Tribe status.
• Effect on the political landscape in Manipur and the broader North East region.

Question 2: Discuss the role of historical narratives and colonial texts in shaping current ethnic identities and conflicts in Manipur, with reference to the Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities.

• Analysis of how colonial texts have been used to support or refute claims of indigeneity.
• Impact of historical narratives on current ethnic self-perception and relations.
• Role of education and political discourse in perpetuating or resolving historical grievances.
• Comparison with other global instances where colonial history impacts current ethnic conflicts.

Question 3: Evaluate the effectiveness of the existing legal framework governing Scheduled Tribe status in India, in light of the controversy over the Kuki-Zo status in Manipur.

• Overview of the criteria for Scheduled Tribe recognition in India.
• Analysis of the Lokur Committee’s recommendations and their implementation.
• Challenges in the application of these criteria to diverse tribal communities across states.
• Proposals for reforming the tribal recognition process to prevent misuse and ensure fairness.

Global vs. Domestic Food Inflation

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• World food prices peaked in 2022 due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, with the FAO food price index reaching a high of 159.7 points in March 2022.
• The index fell by 13.7% to 124 points in 2023, and by 25.8% to 118.5 points by December 2023.
• Global food inflation has been negative since November 2022, contrasting with India’s high domestic food inflation, which was 9.5% in December 2023.
• International food prices have shown more volatility compared to domestic prices in India, which have been relatively stable.
• India’s food inflation is less affected by global price changes due to limited import dependency, mainly on edible oils and pulses.
• Government policies in India, including export bans and low import duties, have insulated domestic food prices from global trends.
• Recent global price reductions and geopolitical events have had minimal impact on India’s major food imports.
• Domestic factors, such as crop production and government stock levels, are now the primary drivers of food inflation in India.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Examine the impact of global events such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict on the food price index and its implications for global food security.

• Highlight the initial spike in global food prices following the conflict.
• Analyze the subsequent decline in the food price index in 2023.
• Discuss the role of major geopolitical events in influencing global food markets.
• Evaluate the potential long-term effects on food security, particularly in vulnerable regions.

Critically discuss the role of government policies in India in insulating domestic food prices from global price fluctuations.

• Detail the export bans and import duty adjustments made by the Indian government.
• Analyze the effectiveness of these policies in stabilizing domestic food prices.
• Discuss potential drawbacks or unintended consequences of such protective measures.
• Compare with global price trends to highlight differences.

Evaluate the potential risks and benefits of India’s reliance on imports for certain agricultural commodities like edible oils and pulses.

• Outline India’s import dependency on these commodities.
• Analyze how global supply disruptions have affected domestic prices and availability.
• Discuss the benefits of diversifying import sources or increasing domestic production.
• Assess the long-term sustainability of current import practices.

Geographical Indication Challenges

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Geographical Indication (GI) certifies products based on unique characteristics derived from their origin, including both agricultural and non-agricultural products.
• GI certification assures authenticity, promotes genuine products, and supports community development by enabling premium pricing in markets.
• Despite the potential benefits, India’s GI outcomes have been limited due to registration system flaws and market inefficiencies, necessitating more effective popularization and policy attention.
• India lags behind countries like Germany and China in GI registrations, with a low acceptance ratio of applications and a significant focus on handicrafts and agriculture.
• Global governance of GI by the WTO under the TRIPS agreement, with different classifications in the EU, highlights the need for India to update its GI policies and support mechanisms.
• Controversies and limited global focus on GI compared to other intellectual property rights suggest the need for enhanced promotion and protection at international levels.
• Recent academic studies indicate growing interest in GI, but India shows minimal academic engagement, emphasizing the need for increased research and awareness.
• Strategies to popularize GI include legal amendments, technological integration, skill development, and marketing initiatives to directly benefit producers and enhance product visibility.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the effectiveness of the Geographical Indications (GI) system in India in comparison to other countries like Germany and China.

• Review the number of GI registrations in India versus Germany and China.
• Analyze the application acceptance ratio and the reasons for lower registrations in India.
• Discuss the impact of stringent regulations and lengthy dispute resolutions on GI registrations in India.
• Evaluate the economic benefits realized by producers in these countries from GI registrations.

2. Discuss the role of Geographical Indications in promoting sustainable development and how they can be integrated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

• Explain the concept of Geographical Indications and their relevance to local culture and traditional knowledge.
• Analyze how GI protection can contribute to economic development and social welfare of local communities.
• Link the benefits of GI to specific SDGs, such as decent work and economic growth, responsible consumption and production, and reduced inequalities.
• Suggest mechanisms to enhance the contribution of GIs to achieving SDGs.

3. Evaluate the potential of digital platforms and modern marketing strategies in enhancing the value of GI-tagged products in India.

• Assess the current state of digital literacy and technology use among GI producers and artisans.
• Discuss the role of online platforms like the National Agriculture Market (eNAM) in promoting GI products.
• Analyze the impact of digital marketing and e-commerce on the visibility and sales of GI products.
• Propose strategies for integrating modern marketing techniques with traditional selling practices to boost the GI market.

Green Revolution Consequences

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• The Green Revolution in India aimed to increase food self-sufficiency due to rapid population growth and frequent famines.
• Initial focus was on improving yield rather than addressing malnutrition, with official malnutrition reports starting only post-1980s.
• Traditional landraces with high nutritional content were used in breeding to create high-yielding varieties, focusing on grain size and yield through genetic modifications.
• These modifications often did not enhance nutrient and mineral transport to the grains, leading to a loss of nutritional quality over time.
• As breeding focused on yield and stress resistance post-1980s, the natural nutrient absorption traits of plants diminished.
• Modern breeding practices also compromised plants’ natural defenses against toxicants, affecting their ability to screen out harmful elements like arsenic.
• Increased nutrient uptake by plants inadvertently led to higher absorption of toxic elements, particularly in rice due to its growing conditions.
• Similar nutritional depletions have been observed globally in food grains with the introduction of high-yielding varieties.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Examine the impact of the Green Revolution on the nutritional quality of staple crops in India.

• Introduction of high-yielding varieties led to increased grain production.
• Shift from traditional varieties, which had higher nutrient content, to high-yielding varieties with lower nutrient profiles.
• Decrease in mineral concentrations such as zinc, iron, and magnesium due to genetic modifications and breeding priorities.
• Impact on public health, particularly in terms of increased micronutrient deficiencies.

Critically discuss the role of agricultural practices in exacerbating the accumulation of toxic elements in crops like rice compared to wheat.

• Difference in cultivation conditions: Rice often grown in submerged conditions leading to anaerobic soil environments.
• Chemical transformation of heavy metals in flooded conditions, making them more soluble and available to rice plants.
• Loss of natural genetic defense mechanisms in modern rice varieties against toxic elements.
• Comparative analysis with wheat, which shows lower accumulation of toxic elements due to different growing conditions.

Evaluate the implications of prioritizing yield over nutritional quality in crop breeding programs during and after the Green Revolution.

• Initial focus on solving hunger by increasing food production quantitatively.
• Neglect of micronutrient content in the breeding programs, leading to nutrient-poor but high-yielding crops.
• Long-term public health impacts, including widespread micronutrient deficiencies.
• Current challenges and the need for re-integrating nutritional aspects into breeding programs.

Climate Change Consequences

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Climate change is causing severe global impacts like sea ice loss and intense heatwaves.
• The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by 2100.
• Pre-industrial levels are generally considered to be the global temperatures from 1850 to 1900.
• The 1.5 degree Celsius target is set to avoid extreme and irreversible climate impacts.
• Exceeding this threshold would increase severe weather events, intensify wildfires, and accelerate sea level rise.
• Recent reports suggest a high likelihood of breaching this 1.5 degree Celsius limit within the next few years.
• 2023 has already seen temperatures close to this threshold, indicating imminent and worsening climate impacts.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Examine the implications of breaching the 1.5 degree Celsius threshold as outlined in the Paris Agreement on global climate patterns.

• Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes and heavy precipitation.
• Enhanced risk and severity of droughts in various regions, impacting water availability and agriculture.
• Accelerated melting of glaciers and ice caps contributing to rapid sea level rise, affecting coastal communities and ecosystems.

Critically discuss the role of international agreements like the Paris Agreement in mitigating climate change.

• Framework for global cooperation, setting collective and individual targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Encourages technological innovation and sharing of sustainable practices among nations.
• Limits effectiveness due to non-binding nature of commitments and variability in national interests and capabilities.

Evaluate the effectiveness of using historical baseline periods, such as 1850-1900, for setting climate change benchmarks.

• Provides a scientifically reliable reference point to measure and compare modern temperature increases.
• Helps in understanding the extent of human-induced warming since the Industrial Revolution.
• Potential limitations in representing global climate conditions due to regional variations and lesser data availability from the early industrial period.

Suryodaya Solar Initiative

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the ‘Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana’ to install rooftop solar systems in one crore households.
• This initiative follows the earlier Rooftop Solar Programme of 2014, which aimed for 40 GW by 2022 but missed its target, extending the deadline to 2026.
• The new scheme aims to support the earlier target of achieving 40 GW of rooftop solar capacity.
• India’s current solar capacity stands at approximately 73.31 GW, with rooftop solar at about 11.08 GW.
• Rajasthan and Gujarat lead in solar capacity, with significant contributions from rooftop installations.
• Expansion of solar energy is crucial for India to meet its growing energy demands and reduce reliance on coal, aligning with its goal of 500 GW renewable capacity by 2030.
• The Rooftop Solar Programme offers financial assistance and incentives for residential solar installations, aiming to increase capacity to 40 GW by March 2026.
• Consumers can participate in the programme through DISCOM projects or a national portal, choosing vendors and equipment for their solar installations.
• Post-installation, consumers receive subsidies directly and can earn from surplus power exported to the grid, as regulated by SERCs/JERCs.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Examine the potential impact of the Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana on India’s renewable energy targets and its implications for the socio-economic status of the middle and lower-income households.

• Assess the scheme’s contribution towards achieving the 40 GW rooftop solar capacity target.
• Analyze how the reduction in electricity bills could improve the economic condition of middle and lower-income families.
• Discuss the potential for job creation in the renewable energy sector as a result of this scheme.

Critically evaluate the role of state and central government policies in accelerating the adoption of rooftop solar installations in India.

• Review the effectiveness of Central Financial Assistance and incentives provided to DISCOMs.
• Analyze the role of state policies and regulatory frameworks in facilitating or hindering the growth of rooftop solar installations.
• Consider the impact of inter-state variations in policy implementation and their results.

Discuss the strategic importance of solar energy in India’s overall energy security framework, especially in the context of global energy trends and climate change commitments.

• Explain the role of solar energy in reducing dependency on fossil fuels and enhancing energy security.
• Analyze how increasing solar capacity helps India meet its international climate commitments.
• Assess the alignment of solar energy expansion with global energy trends and its implications for India.

Tamil Nadu Invasive Species Policy

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Tamil Nadu’s forests are threatened by invasive plant species, disrupting natural food sources for wildlife.
• The state has implemented a systematic approach to manage these invasive species, unlike its neighbors Kerala and Karnataka.
• A policy specifically targeting invasive plants, TNPIPER, was introduced in June 2022, following its proposal in September 2021.
• Under TNPIPER, a committee identified 196 invasive species, prioritizing 23 for urgent action, with 7 being the most harmful.
• Efforts include removing prosopis juliflora from key elephant corridors to restore native vegetation and improve wildlife habitats.
• Challenges persist as invasive species like prosopis juliflora and lantana camara are resilient and can regrow after removal.
• Conservation efforts focus on restoring native ecosystems to preserve biodiversity and ensure food availability for wildlife.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the impact of invasive alien plant species on the biodiversity of Tamil Nadu’s forests and the effectiveness of the Tamil Nadu Policy on Invasive Plants and Ecological Restoration (TNPIPER).

• Impact on biodiversity includes displacement of native species, alteration of habitat, and reduction in food availability for wildlife.
• Effectiveness of TNPIPER could be evaluated based on its systematic approach to identifying and prioritizing invasive species for eradication and restoration efforts.
• Assessment of the policy’s implementation success, including the eradication of prosopis juliflora and restoration of native vegetation.

2. Discuss the role of ecological niche modelling in managing invasive plant species in the Western Ghats, with a focus on its application in Tamil Nadu.

• Explanation of ecological niche modelling and its importance in predicting the distribution of invasive species.
• Specific examples of how Tamil Nadu has utilized this tool to identify and manage invasion hotspots.
• Analysis of the effectiveness and limitations of ecological niche modelling in practical conservation efforts.

3. Evaluate the socio-economic factors that have contributed to the spread of invasive plant species in Tamil Nadu’s forests and the challenges in controlling these species.

• Identification of socio-economic reasons such as agriculture, forestry, and urban development that have facilitated the spread of invasive species.
• Discussion on the complexities involved in eradicating invasive species while balancing economic interests and ecological conservation.
• Challenges in sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems affected by invasive species.

Climate Crisis Kills Wildlife

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Over 160 elephants and numerous other wildlife species died in Zimbabwe’s Hwange National Park due to a severe drought caused by climate change.
• The drought persisted longer than expected due to the El Nino phenomenon, exacerbating water scarcity in the region.
• Hwange National Park, lacking natural perennial water sources, relies on solar-powered boreholes for water, which were insufficient during the extended drought.
• The drought led to a mass migration of elephants to neighboring Botswana in search of water and food.
• Recent rains have provided some relief, stopping the drought-related deaths, but wildlife remains at risk from other natural causes.
• Conservation efforts include monitoring and potentially increasing the number of boreholes, though the current number is deemed sufficient for now.
• ZimParks and partners are also conducting large-scale wildlife translocations to better-watered northern conservancies as a mitigation strategy.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the impact of climate change on biodiversity, with a specific focus on the recent drought-related wildlife mortalities in Zimbabwe’s Hwange National Park.

• Climate change leading to altered weather patterns like prolonged droughts.
• Impact on water sources, leading to reduced availability for wildlife.
• Direct effects on animal survival and health, exemplified by the death of elephants and other species in Hwange.
• Broader ecological impacts, such as changes in predator-prey dynamics and habitat alteration.
• Long-term implications for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem stability.

2. Evaluate the role of transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) in mitigating the effects of climate change on wildlife, using the Kavango Zambezi TFCA as a case study.

• Definition and purpose of TFCAs in promoting ecological connectivity.
• Benefits of TFCAs in facilitating wildlife movement across national borders, especially during environmental stress.
• Challenges faced by TFCAs, such as differing national policies, funding, and human-wildlife conflict.
• Specific analysis of KAZA TFCA’s effectiveness in providing relief during drought conditions.
• Recommendations for enhancing the role of TFCAs in climate change adaptation and wildlife conservation.

3. Discuss the effectiveness of current mitigation strategies to combat wildlife mortality during extreme drought conditions in African national parks.

• Overview of common mitigation strategies, such as artificial waterholes and wildlife translocation.
• Analysis of the effectiveness of these strategies in reducing mortality rates during droughts.
• Case examples from Hwange National Park and other similar contexts.
• Limitations and potential unintended consequences of these strategies.
• Future directions for sustainable and integrated approaches to wildlife management in the face of climate change.

Tree Species Extinction Risk

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Over 17,000 tree species are increasingly exposed to human-induced stressors, elevating their extinction risk.
• The current IUCN Red List may underestimate the threat levels due to rapid global changes affecting these species.
• Major threats include crop agriculture expansion, tree cover decline, urbanization, and deforestation.
• These land-use changes can drive species towards extinction regardless of their specific characteristics.
• Deforestation is a significant factor, with some species experiencing up to 6.67% annual decline in tree cover.
• Climate change has also altered habitats, making them warmer and altering precipitation patterns.
• Researchers suggest that many tree species need urgent re-assessment on the IUCN Red List to reflect higher threat levels.
• Regular reassessments every 5-10 years are recommended to keep up with the rapid changes in global conditions.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the role of the IUCN Red List in guiding global conservation efforts, especially in the context of the recent findings on tree species vulnerability.

• Explanation of the IUCN Red List’s purpose and scope.
• Discussion on the recent findings indicating that many tree species are at a higher risk than previously assessed.
• Analysis of the effectiveness and limitations of the IUCN Red List in addressing rapid global changes affecting biodiversity.
• Recommendations for improving the Red List’s responsiveness to emerging threats.

2. Evaluate the impact of land-use changes on biodiversity, with a focus on deforestation, urban expansion, and agricultural expansion as major threats to tree species.

• Definition and examples of key land-use changes impacting biodiversity.
• Specific impacts of deforestation, urban expansion, and agricultural expansion on tree species.
• Case studies or examples illustrating the severity of these impacts.
• Possible mitigation strategies and policy recommendations.

3. Discuss the synergistic effects of climate change and other anthropogenic factors on the extinction risk of tree species, using examples from recent studies.

• Explanation of how climate change interacts with other anthropogenic factors like deforestation and urbanization.
• Insight into the concept of synergistic effects and how they exacerbate the risk of extinction.
• Examples from recent research showing increased risks to specific tree species.
• Discussion on the implications for conservation strategies and policy formulation.

Challenges in Adopting CSA

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is advocated as a solution to meet the increasing food demand by 2050 in South Asia, despite its current low adoption rates.
• Challenges in reaching farmers with CSA practices include weak organizational capacities, insufficient training programs, and inadequate staffing in agricultural extension departments.
• Lack of targeted incentives for CSA practices, with existing subsidies often supporting conflicting agricultural practices.
• Insufficient post-adoption follow-up leads to unclear outcomes and sustainability of CSA practices among farmers.
• Information dissemination about CSA is inequitable, often excluding less wealthy farmers and women, despite their growing role in agriculture.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the role of government agricultural extension services in the adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices in South Asia.

• Assess the current capacity and staffing of agricultural extension services.
• Analyze the effectiveness of training programs and field schools provided by these services.
• Evaluate the integration of CSA practices in their outreach and education efforts.
• Discuss the impact of limited government resources on the scalability of CSA adoption.

2. Discuss the implications of providing subsidies for both conventional and climate-smart agricultural technologies, and suggest how policy makers can resolve conflicts in subsidy allocation to better promote CSA adoption.

• Outline the current subsidy schemes for both CSA and conventional farming practices.
• Analyze the economic and environmental impacts of these conflicting subsidies.
• Propose strategies for restructuring subsidies to favor CSA technologies without undermining food security.
• Examine the role of policy makers in ensuring equitable and sustainable agricultural development.

3. Evaluate the importance of post-adoption follow-up in the context of CSA practices in South Asia and suggest measures to improve it.

• Define post-adoption follow-up and its significance in sustaining CSA practices.
• Analyze the current status of post-adoption follow-up in South Asia.
• Identify challenges faced by farmers post-adoption of CSA technologies.
• Recommend effective follow-up strategies to ensure long-term adoption and success of CSA practices.

Adapting Agriculture in Himalayas

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Climate impact in the Himalayas has severely affected agriculture, leading to decreased crop yields.
• Farmers in Uttarakhand are transitioning to livestock farming and forestry, and experimenting with new agricultural practices.
• Vinod Kumar, a former agricultural farmer, now profits from raising Kadaknath chickens and other livestock.
• Paan Singh Parihar finds quail farming more profitable than traditional poultry, citing higher earnings and disease-free livestock.
• Global warming and irregular rainfall patterns are prompting a shift from traditional crops to more resilient agricultural practices.
• Entrepreneurs like Sanjeev Bhagat are diversifying into horticulture, producing and selling juices, jams, and pickles.
• Local farmers are also engaging in beekeeping and goat rearing as alternative sources of income.
• Migration from villages is increasing due to agricultural challenges, but new ventures face hurdles like high input costs and lack of local knowledge.
• Efforts are being made to train villagers in new professions and encourage entrepreneurial thinking to combat climate challenges and improve livelihoods.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the impact of climate change on traditional agricultural practices in the Himalayan region and discuss the adaptive strategies being adopted by local farmers.

• Impact of climate change on traditional crops due to altered rainfall patterns and temperature fluctuations.
• Shift from traditional agriculture to livestock farming, poultry, and forestry as adaptive strategies.
• Introduction of climate-resilient crops and diversification into non-traditional farming practices like mushroom cultivation and beekeeping.
• Role of local research institutes and government support in facilitating these transitions.

2. Evaluate the economic viability of transitioning from crop farming to livestock and poultry farming in the context of climate change in Uttarakhand.

• Comparison of income levels before and after the transition to livestock and poultry farming.
• Analysis of market demand for products like Kadaknath chicken and dairy products versus traditional crops.
• Cost analysis of starting and maintaining livestock and poultry farms, including feed and healthcare.
• Impact of these ventures on local employment and economic stability.

3. Discuss the role of innovation and entrepreneurship in sustaining agricultural livelihoods in the face of climate adversity in the Himalayan regions.

• Examples of innovative practices and new business models adopted by local farmers and entrepreneurs.
• Importance of skill development and training in new agricultural techniques and business practices.
• Challenges faced by entrepreneurs in these regions, such as high input costs and supply chain issues.
• Role of government and non-governmental organizations in supporting agricultural innovation and entrepreneurship.

Execution Method Issues

GS-3-Internal & External Security

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Alabama’s recent execution issues stem from difficulties with lethal injection, including problems establishing IV lines.
• Repeated failures with lethal injections have led states, including Alabama, to explore alternative execution methods like nitrogen hypoxia.
• Problems with lethal injections nationwide include difficulties finding veins, needle disengagement, and sourcing lethal chemicals.
• Issues with lethal injection drugs have arisen due to manufacturers restricting their use for executions, leading states to seek alternative methods.
• Alternative methods being considered or implemented by some states include nitrogen hypoxia, firing squads, and other traditional methods like electrocution and hanging.
• Nitrogen hypoxia, which deprives the body of oxygen, has been authorized in Alabama, Oklahoma, and Mississippi but has not yet been used for executions.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the ethical implications of adopting nitrogen hypoxia as an alternative execution method in the context of human rights and dignity.

• Definition of nitrogen hypoxia and its physiological impact on the human body.
• Comparison with other execution methods in terms of perceived humaneness and suffering.
• Discussion on the right to life and dignity under international human rights law.
• Analysis of the ethical arguments for and against the death penalty in general.
• Consideration of the potential for errors and the irreversible nature of execution.

2. Evaluate the challenges faced by states in sourcing lethal injection drugs and the impact on the administration of capital punishment.

• Overview of the reasons behind the scarcity of lethal injection drugs (e.g., manufacturer bans, ethical opposition).
• Discussion on the legal and logistical challenges faced by states in obtaining these drugs.
• Impact of drug scarcity on the frequency and methods of executions.
• Exploration of alternative methods being considered or implemented by states.
• Analysis of how these challenges affect public and judicial perception of the death penalty.

3. Discuss the role of the judiciary and state authorities in ensuring the ethical administration of capital punishment in light of recent execution failures.

• Examination of the constitutional responsibilities of the judiciary in overseeing execution protocols.
• Analysis of recent cases where execution failures have occurred and the judicial response.
• Discussion on the balance between state authority and the protection of inmates’ rights.
• Role of transparency and accountability in the administration of capital punishment.
• Consideration of potential reforms to improve the ethical administration of the death penalty.

Surge in India’s ADAS Demand

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Mobileye, an Intel-owned Israeli company, historically did not prioritize India for its advanced driver assistance technology.
• Recently, there has been a significant surge in demand from India for Mobileye’s systems-on-chip and software, leading to order inflows nearly four times higher than expected.
• Mobileye received a major order from Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. for driver assistance technology and collaboration on autonomous driving systems, announced at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.
• Other Indian automakers are also increasing orders as advanced driver assistance technology becomes standard in higher-trim mid-segment cars.
• Due to this growing demand, Mobileye now considers India a priority market in Asia, alongside China.
• Mobileye’s CEO introduced a new operating system, ‘DXP’, and highlighted the strong interest in their latest ADAS features from India.
• The demand in India is broad-based among companies, not limited to just one, despite the challenging driving environment.
• India’s roads are among the deadliest in the world, which contrasts with the increasing adoption of ADAS in mid-segment vehicles.
• Car manufacturers in India are progressively including more ADAS features as standard, driven by consumer demand for safety and government road safety initiatives.
• The adoption of ADAS is seen as a step towards improving road safety and reducing accidents in India.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

1. Critically examine the impact of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) on road safety in India.

• Introduction of ADAS in Indian market and its features like lane keep assist, collision warning, etc.
• Analysis of road safety statistics in India before and after ADAS implementation.
• Challenges faced due to India’s road conditions and traffic behavior.
• Potential benefits in reducing accidents and enhancing driver and pedestrian safety.
• Comparison with global trends and technologies in road safety.

2. Evaluate the role of government policies in promoting the adoption of ADAS technologies in Indian automobiles.

• Overview of existing government regulations and policies related to vehicle safety and ADAS.
• Impact of government initiatives on automotive manufacturers and consumer adoption rates.
• Analysis of incentives or subsidies provided for ADAS-equipped vehicles.
• Discussion on the need for updated policies to keep pace with technological advancements.
• Recommendations for future policy frameworks to enhance ADAS adoption.

3. Discuss the economic implications of India becoming a priority market for international ADAS companies like Mobileye.

• Overview of the growth in demand for ADAS systems in India.
• Impact on foreign direct investment in the Indian automotive sector.
• Benefits to the Indian economy through technology transfer and job creation.
• Challenges faced by international companies in adapting their technologies for the Indian market.
• Long-term economic benefits for India in terms of innovation and global competitiveness.

NASA Reestablishes Mars Contact

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• NASA launched a spacecraft carrying the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter to Mars on July 30, 2020.
• Perseverance landed on Mars on February 18, 2021, and deployed Ingenuity on April 4, 2021, after finding a suitable location.
• Ingenuity’s first flight on April 19, 2021, marked the first powered, controlled flight on another planet, overcoming challenges posed by Mars’ thin atmosphere and low gravity.
• Initially a technology demonstration, Ingenuity’s mission was extended to scout terrain for Perseverance, enhancing the rover’s exploration efficiency.
• As of its 72nd flight, Ingenuity had flown for over 128 minutes and covered 17.7 kilometers, significantly surpassing its planned mission duration and objectives.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Examine the significance of Ingenuity’s ability to fly in Mars’ thin atmosphere and its implications for future planetary exploration.

• Challenges of Mars’ atmosphere: low air pressure and density.
• Ingenuity’s design adaptations: lightweight structure, large rotor blades.
• Technological innovations and their scalability for future missions.
• Potential for new types of exploration, e.g., aerial scouting, inaccessible areas.

Critically discuss the role of autonomous systems like Ingenuity in enhancing the scientific objectives of missions such as the Perseverance rover.

• Autonomy in navigation and decision-making.
• Enhanced exploration capabilities: scouting and mapping terrain.
• Reduction in dependency on Earth-based control.
• Impact on mission efficiency and data collection.

Evaluate the potential contributions of Mars helicopter technology to Earth’s aviation advancements.

• Transfer of technology: innovations in rotorcraft and materials.
• Applications in extreme Earth environments.
• Improvements in autonomous flight systems.
• Broader implications for commercial and military aviation.

Japan’s Precision Moon Landing

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains: 

• Japan’s SLIM spacecraft, launched by JAXA, aimed for a precision soft-landing on the moon.
• Post-landing, SLIM faced issues with solar panels not generating power, relying on battery reserves.
• Despite power issues, SLIM successfully transmitted data and showed no component damage.
• SLIM’s mission was notable for its goal to land within a 100 sq. m target area, earning it the nickname moon sniper.
• Confirmation of the precise landing success was pending, expected to take a month to verify.
• The mission’s outcomes are set to influence future lunar explorations, including the India-Japan Lunar Polar Exploration Mission.
• Japan became the fifth country to achieve a soft lunar landing, contributing to global space exploration capabilities.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview: 

Question 1: Critically examine the strategic significance of precision landing technologies in lunar exploration, as demonstrated by JAXA’s SLIM mission.

• Importance of precision landing in accessing specific lunar regions of scientific interest.
• Enhancement of mission safety by reducing the risk associated with landing in rough terrains.
• Increased efficiency in mission planning and execution, potentially reducing costs and time.
• Contribution to international competitiveness in space exploration technology.

Question 2: Discuss the role of international collaborations in space exploration, referencing the planned Lunar Polar Exploration Mission between India and Japan.

• Pooling of technological expertise and resources to achieve complex objectives.
• Enhancement of diplomatic relations and strengthening of international partnerships.
• Sharing of financial burdens and risks associated with space missions.
• Acceleration of technological advancements through shared knowledge and experiences.

Question 3: Evaluate the impact of emerging spacefaring nations on the global dynamics of space exploration, with a focus on the contributions of Asian countries.

• Shift in the traditional power dynamics, with more countries participating in high-stake missions.
• Increased innovation and technological development due to competitive pressures.
• Opportunities for smaller nations to participate in or benefit from space technology advancements.
• Challenges related to space traffic management, debris monitoring, and policy formulation on an international scale.