UPSC Current Affairs – January 19, 2024

January 19, 2024 July 22, 2024

John Maclean’s Legacy

GS-1-Modern World History

Facts for Pre & Mains:

John Maclean, a Glasgow schoolteacher and socialist, dedicated his life to advancing workers’ rights.
Despite his significant role, Maclean is mainly remembered within the Scottish Left and through cultural expressions like music and poetry.
Maclean’s activism was part of the broader Red Clydeside movement, which included major events like the 1915 Rent Strikes and the 1919 Battle of George Square.
He opposed World War I, viewing it as detrimental to workers, and was imprisoned multiple times for his anti-war speeches.
During his 1918 imprisonment, Maclean delivered a famous speech from the dock, accusing capitalism of atrocities.
His personal life suffered due to his commitments; after his first imprisonment, he lost his teaching job, and his wife eventually left him.
Maclean’s health deteriorated due to his imprisonments and hunger strikes, leading to his death in 1923 at the age of 44.
His legacy continues to be honored through memorials and events like the Celtic Connections concert, emphasizing his influence on Scottish political history and culture.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of John Maclean in the Red Clydeside movement and its impact on British labor history.

Introduction to John Maclean’s role as a socialist leader and educator.
Discussion of Maclean’s activities during key events like the Rent Strikes of 1915.
Analysis of his influence on the labor movement and his efforts to educate workers on socialism.
Impact of his teachings and leadership on the broader British labor rights movements.
Assessment of his legacy within the context of Red Clydeside’s historical significance.

2. Evaluate the significance of cultural representations of historical figures like John Maclean in shaping public memory and historical narratives.

Overview of how John Maclean has been depicted in arts and media, such as music and literature.
Discussion on the role of cultural events like the Celtic Connections concert in perpetuating his memory.
Analysis of the impact of these representations on public understanding of Maclean and Red Clydeside.
Comparison with other historical figures similarly memorialized in cultural forms.
Reflection on the importance of cultural representation in historical education and memory.

3. Discuss the ethical dimensions of John Maclean’s advocacy methods and their relevance to contemporary social justice movements.

Examination of Maclean’s methods, including public speaking, education, and protests.
Discussion on the ethical implications of his actions, particularly his stance during World War I.
Comparison of Maclean’s methods with modern social justice advocacy techniques.
Analysis of the effectiveness and moral considerations of such methods in achieving social change.
Reflection on the lessons contemporary movements can learn from Maclean’s approach to advocacy and activism.

Decolonizing Museum Practices

GS-1-Modern World History

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Jandamarra, a Bunuba leader, resisted European settlers in late 1800s Western Australia.
After a three-year manhunt, he was killed by police in 1897; his skull sent to the UK as a trophy.
The skull was lost after the gun factory museum housing it was demolished in the 1960s.
Bunuba elders and researchers continue to search for Jandamarra’s skull, which remains missing.
Museums globally are reevaluating the display and retention of human remains, with increasing calls for their return to descendant communities.
Definitions of human remains vary, with some museums adopting broader interpretations that include hair, teeth, and nails.
Debates persist on the ethical display of human remains, with some cultures viewing any disturbance as harmful.
Some museums, recognizing changing visitor attitudes and ethical considerations, have begun removing human remains from display.
Legal and ethical challenges complicate the repatriation of human remains, with some countries and museums more resistant than others.
Repatriation can lead to healing and reconciliation, and may foster ongoing collaborations between museums and communities.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the ethical implications of displaying human remains in museums, considering both scientific and cultural perspectives.

Definition of human remains and their historical acquisition.
Scientific benefits versus cultural sensitivity and respect for the deceased and their communities.
Impact of colonial history on the collection of human remains and the ongoing debate on decolonization of museums.
Examples of museums altering their policies and the influence of public and indigenous advocacy on these changes.
Future directions for museum practices regarding human remains, including potential legal and ethical reforms.

Critically evaluate the role of international and national laws in the repatriation of cultural artifacts and human remains.

Overview of key laws and regulations, such as the UK’s Human Tissue Act and the National Museum of the American Indian Act.
Challenges posed by differing international standards and the complexities of enforcing these laws across borders.
Case studies of successful repatriation efforts and the legal frameworks that facilitated them.
Role of legal loopholes and the ethical dilemmas faced by institutions in retaining or returning artifacts.
Future implications for policy-making in the context of increasing global calls for restitution and reconciliation.

Discuss the impact of public perception and media influence on the policies of museums regarding the display and repatriation of human remains.

Historical context of museum collections and public interest in human remains.
Shifts in public attitudes towards cultural sensitivity and ethical responsibility.
Role of media in highlighting cases of repatriation and the ethical treatment of human remains.
Examples of museums responding to public pressure and changing their display policies.
Long-term effects of enhanced public scrutiny and media coverage on museum practices and international collaborations.

SC Sub-Categorization Debate

GS-2-Indian Constitution & Polity

Facts for Pre & Mains:

A seven-judge Supreme Court bench is set to hear a case on sub-categorization within the Scheduled Castes (SCs).
States argue for sub-quotas within the existing SC reservation to address underrepresentation of certain castes.
The court will determine if states have the authority to create these sub-categories or if only the President has this power.
Historical context includes a 1975 Punjab notification that sub-classified SC reservations, which was later struck down in 2004.
The 2004 Supreme Court decision stated that all SCs must be treated as a homogenous group, disallowing sub-classification.
Recent reconsiderations suggest that SCs are not a homogenous group, acknowledging intra-group inequalities.
The concept of a creamy layer within SCs, introduced in 2018, supports the argument for sub-classification to target the most disadvantaged.
The outcome of this case could impact the reservation strategy for SCs across various states.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the implications of sub-categorization of Scheduled Castes on the principle of equality as enshrined in the Indian Constitution.

Definition of equality under the Indian Constitution.
Overview of the sub-categorization of Scheduled Castes and its objectives.
Analysis of how sub-categorization may address or exacerbate intra-caste disparities.
Discussion on potential conflicts with the constitutional guarantee of equality.
Case law references, including E.V. Chinnaiah and Jarnail Singh, and their interpretations of equality and reservation.

2. Discuss the role of the judiciary in balancing state autonomy against the central oversight in the context of reservation policies in India.

Explanation of the federal structure of India concerning reservation policy.
Role of the judiciary in interpreting constitutional provisions related to reservations.
Case studies of judicial interventions in state reservation policies (e.g., E.V. Chinnaiah, Davinder Singh).
Impact of judicial decisions on state autonomy in implementing reservation policies.
Analysis of Article 341 and its implications for state versus central roles in caste classifications.

3. Evaluate the concept of the ‘creamy layer’ within the Scheduled Castes and its impact on social justice and equity.

Definition and origin of the ‘creamy layer’ concept in Indian reservation policy.
Application of the ‘creamy layer’ concept to Scheduled Castes, particularly post-2018 Jarnail Singh ruling.
Arguments for and against the extension of the ‘creamy layer’ concept to SCs.
Impact on social justice and equitable distribution of benefits within disadvantaged groups.
Future implications for reservation policies and social stratification within SCs.

Chabahar Port Strategy

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Chabahar is Iran’s first deepwater port, strategically located at the Gulf of Oman near Pakistan.
The port facilitates Iran’s global trade and helps India bypass Pakistan for trade with Afghanistan and Central Asia.
Chabahar is integral to the International North-South Transport Corridor, enhancing connectivity to Europe.
India began collaborating on the port in 2002, with significant developments following a 2016 trilateral agreement with Iran and Afghanistan.
Development includes multiple phases, aiming for a capacity of 82 million tons per year upon completion.
Geopolitical issues and U.S. sanctions have slowed the project’s progress, impacting material procurement and international relations.
The future pace of Chabahar’s development is uncertain, influenced by U.S.-Iran relations and regional stability.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the strategic significance of the Chabahar port in the context of India’s foreign policy and regional geopolitics.

Chabahar port provides India with a strategic foothold in Iran, bypassing Pakistan for direct access to Central Asia and Afghanistan.
It serves as a counter to China’s influence in the region, particularly in light of the development of the Gwadar port in Pakistan under the Belt and Road Initiative.
The port is integral to the International North-South Transport Corridor, enhancing trade connectivity between India, Russia, and Europe.

Critically evaluate the impact of international relations, particularly US-Iran tensions, on the development of the Chabahar port.

US sanctions on Iran have intermittently slowed or complicated India’s investment and operations in Chabahar, affecting the pace of development.
The geopolitical shifts, such as the US withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal, have introduced uncertainties that challenge the operational viability of the port.
Despite these challenges, India has received exemptions from the US to continue developing the port, highlighting its strategic importance to regional stability and US interests in Afghanistan.

Discuss the role of Chabahar port in enhancing India’s trade routes and its implications for economic growth.

Chabahar port offers India an alternative trade route to the landlocked Central Asian countries, potentially increasing trade volume and economic ties.
The port facilitates India’s access to new markets and resources, crucial for sustaining economic growth and diversifying energy sources.
Development of the port is expected to spur regional development, promote economic integration, and enhance the socio-economic status of the surrounding region through increased trade and employment opportunities.

North Korea’s Hostility

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

North Korea officially declares South Korea as its main enemy and abolishes reunification agencies.
Elimination of inter-Korean conflict prevention mechanisms increases risk of uncontrollable escalation.
Kim Jong Un expresses readiness for war, disregards established maritime borders, and conducts military drills.
Increased military tensions and provocations could potentially lead to a wider conflict.
Seoul responds with threats of a stronger military retaliation, raising stakes for both sides.
High probability of armed conflict between the Koreas, with potential use of significant military force in response to provocations.
No current prospects for reconciliation; Kim Jong Un reinforces hostile stance towards South Korea.
North Korea’s aggressive posture linked to domestic and international political strategies, including upcoming South Korean elections.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the implications of North Korea’s recent military and diplomatic actions on the regional security dynamics in East Asia.

Review the historical context of North Korea’s relationship with South Korea and other regional powers.
Analyze the potential impact of North Korea’s actions on its ties with allies and adversaries.
Discuss the role of international organizations and major powers in mitigating or exacerbating tensions.

2. Discuss the role of international diplomacy in managing North Korea’s nuclear ambitions in light of recent escalations.

Examine the effectiveness of past diplomatic efforts and their outcomes.
Analyze current diplomatic strategies employed by global powers towards North Korea.
Evaluate the potential for future diplomatic engagements and their challenges.

3. Evaluate the impact of domestic pressures within North Korea on its foreign policy, particularly towards South Korea.

Analyze the economic and political challenges facing North Korea domestically.
Discuss how these domestic issues might influence North Korea’s external behaviors and policies.
Examine the potential long-term effects of these domestic pressures on regional stability.

Japan’s Moon Landing

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Japan aims to be the fifth country to land a probe on the Moon in January 2024.
The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) in September 2023.
SLIM will trial a new landing technique for pinpoint accuracy on a crater rim.
The mission is a technology demonstrator for precision landing capabilities.
Follow-up mission, Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX), is planned with India’s ISRO.
Recent years have seen increased lunar missions by various countries and commercial entities.
Geopolitical statements highlight the strategic importance of space and lunar capabilities.
The 1967 Outer Space Treaty governs space activities, but new challenges arise as more entities engage in lunar exploration.
The Artemis Accords, developed by the US, aim to establish safe exploration practices, not yet joined by Russia or China.
Despite potential conflicts, international cooperation like the International Space Station shows promise for peaceful space collaboration.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of international collaborations like the Lunar Polar Exploration probe (LUPEX) in advancing lunar exploration technologies.

Highlight the benefits of shared expertise and resources in complex space missions.
Discuss the potential for accelerating technological advancements through collaboration.
Analyze the geopolitical implications of such partnerships, including trust-building and dependency issues.
Evaluate the impact on smaller space-faring nations and their inclusion in global space exploration efforts.

2. Discuss the implications of the Artemis Accords in shaping the future of international space law and lunar exploration.

Explain the principles and objectives of the Artemis Accords.
Analyze the reasons behind the non-participation of key space-faring nations like Russia and China.
Assess the potential of the Accords to foster a cooperative versus competitive environment in space.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the Accords in addressing emerging challenges such as space debris management and conflict resolution.

3. Evaluate the strategic significance of the Moon in the context of national security and defense for leading space-faring nations.

Discuss the military and strategic interests of nations in lunar exploration.
Analyze statements from global defense officials regarding the militarization of space.
Assess the potential risks and benefits of establishing military capabilities in lunar orbit or on the lunar surface.
Examine the role of international treaties and agreements in regulating military activities in space.

Child Care Reform Progress

GS-2-Social Justice

Facts for Pre & Mains:

UNICEF reports nearly half a million children in Europe and Central Asia are in residential care, double the global rate.
North Macedonia has transformed its child care system, eliminating large-scale institutions and moving children to small group homes.
The country has significantly reduced its rate of children in residential care to ten times below the regional average.
82% of children in state care in North Macedonia are now in family-based care settings.
Political parties are urged to commit to further reforms to ensure every child grows up in a family environment.
Future plans include closing small group homes and expanding family-based care options.
Investments are needed in prevention, family support services, and a national parenting strategy to keep families together.
High-quality alternative family care and improved adoption processes are essential for children who cannot stay with their families.
Support for care leavers and inclusion of children with disabilities are critical areas needing attention and investment.
The ultimate goal is to ensure all children grow up in nurturing environments, avoiding the negative impacts of institutionalization.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of deinstitutionalization in improving child welfare systems, with a specific focus on the experiences of North Macedonia.

Definition and purpose of deinstitutionalization in child welfare.
Overview of North Macedonia’s transition from large-scale institutions to small group homes and family-based care.
Impact on child welfare, focusing on emotional and psychological development.
Challenges faced during this transition and how they were addressed.
Comparison with other countries in Europe and Central Asia.

2. Evaluate the effectiveness of small group homes as an alternative to large-scale institutional care for children, using examples from North Macedonia.

Characteristics of small group homes and their intended benefits for children.
Analysis of the implementation and outcomes of small group homes in North Macedonia.
Comparison with outcomes from large-scale institutions.
Potential challenges and limitations of small group homes.
Future prospects for small group homes in child care systems.

3. Discuss the importance of national parenting strategies and early intervention in preventing unnecessary family separations, with reference to the initiatives taken by North Macedonia.

Explanation of national parenting strategies and their objectives.
Role of early intervention services in child welfare and family preservation.
Specific measures adopted by North Macedonia to support families and prevent separations.
Impact of these measures on child welfare and family stability.
Challenges in implementing these strategies and potential improvements.

Social Enterprise Impact

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Social enterprises generate significant economic and social impact, creating over 200 million jobs and aligning with Sustainable Development Goals.
They are led by women at a higher rate than conventional enterprises and prioritize social and environmental value over financial returns.
Despite their contributions, social enterprises are often underrepresented and lack sufficient support, facing legal and funding challenges.
New regulations and investments are beginning to address these challenges, aiming to enhance their visibility and impact.
Global initiatives and partnerships are being formed to support social enterprises, encouraging private sector engagement and policy advocacy.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the role of social enterprises in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Alignment of social enterprise missions with SDGs, particularly in areas like decent work, climate action, and reducing inequalities.
Contribution to economic growth through job creation and revenue generation, supporting goals of decent work and economic growth.
Environmental impact through sustainable business practices, supporting climate action goals.
Role in reducing poverty and enhancing social inclusion, directly impacting goals related to reduced inequalities.

Critically evaluate the impact of gender leadership in social enterprises compared to conventional enterprises.

Higher proportion of women-led social enterprises compared to conventional businesses.
Impact of women leadership on company culture and decision-making processes.
Contribution of gender-diverse leadership to achieving more inclusive and equitable business practices.
Challenges faced by women leaders in both social and conventional enterprises.

Discuss the challenges and opportunities presented by the legal and financial frameworks for social enterprises globally.

Overview of existing legal structures supporting social enterprises in different countries.
Analysis of financial challenges, including the funding gap and access to capital for social enterprises.
Opportunities for improvement in policy and legal frameworks to better support social enterprises.
Role of international cooperation and frameworks like the UN Resolution on the Social and Solidarity Economy in enhancing support.

Decline in Pulse Cultivation

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Rabi crop sowing is nearly complete, but pulses lag behind last year by over 700,000 hectares as of January 19, 2024.
Total Rabi sowing area slightly decreased by 251,000 hectares from the previous season.
Wheat sowing has increased, with the government targeting a record production of 114 million tonnes.
Delayed Rabi season start due to erratic rainfall and soil moisture deficit.
India faces a significant rainfall deficit, impacting irrigation reliant on reservoirs and groundwater.
Live storage in major reservoirs is lower than last year and the 10-year average.
Gram (chana) cultivation among pulses is most affected, with several states reporting decreased acreage.
Decrease in paddy area during Rabi season, with significant reduction over the years.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the impact of reduced sowing area of pulses on India’s food security and inflation.

Decrease in pulse cultivation could lead to higher import dependency, affecting self-sufficiency.
Reduced supply of pulses might increase prices, contributing to food inflation.
Pulses are a major source of protein for a large segment of India’s population; reduced availability could impact nutritional security.

Critically discuss the role of irrigation infrastructure in sustaining Rabi crop production amid erratic rainfall patterns.

Importance of irrigation systems like reservoirs and groundwater in providing necessary water supply during dry spells.
Challenges posed by declining water levels in reservoirs and groundwater depletion.
Need for modernization and expansion of irrigation facilities to cope with changing rainfall patterns and increasing demand.

Evaluate the effectiveness of government policies aimed at increasing wheat production in the context of the 2023-24 Rabi season.

Assessment of the set target for wheat production and its alignment with previous production levels and current demand.
Impact of government incentives or support programs on achieving higher production levels.
Analysis of the challenges faced in meeting these targets, including climatic and infrastructural issues.

India’s FDI Decline

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

India’s gross FDI as a percentage of GDP fell to 1% and net FDI to 0.6% in the first half of FY 2023-24, reaching levels last seen in 2005-06.
The government attributes the decline in FDI to a global economic slowdown, noting a reduction in global FDI inflows, particularly from China.
Despite a global decrease, India’s proportion of global FDI inflows also diminished, dropping to 2.8% in the first half of 2023, the lowest since 2017.
Analysts criticize the Modi government’s policies for the decline in FDI, pointing to the complexity of doing business in India despite improved rankings and the termination of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) which offered judicial protection to foreign investors.
India’s focus on Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) is seen as a deterrent for foreign investment, as companies can access Indian markets under these agreements without significant direct investment.
Historically, FDI percentages were higher during the UPA government and have declined under the Modi government, with a notable decrease in new equity investments and a rise in reinvested earnings.
The termination of most BITs by India has led to a significant reduction in FDI, as these treaties provided legal protections that encouraged foreign investment.
Global economic factors, including the potential for a global recession and geopolitical tensions, have also impacted FDI flows to India, though these are not the sole reasons for the decline.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the impact of terminating Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) on India’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows.

Definition of Bilateral Investment Treaties and their purpose in protecting foreign investments.
Overview of India’s decision to terminate the majority of its BITs post-2015.
Analysis of the immediate and long-term effects on FDI inflows to India.
Comparison of FDI trends before and after the termination of BITs.
Discussion on the role of investor confidence and legal protections in attracting FDI.

Critically evaluate the role of global economic factors in shaping India’s FDI inflows in recent years.

Identification of global economic factors such as interest rates in the US, global recessions, or geopolitical tensions.
Analysis of how these factors have directly or indirectly influenced FDI inflows to India.
Discussion on the relative impact of global factors versus domestic policy decisions on FDI.
Examination of India’s economic resilience and adaptability to global economic changes.
Assessment of government measures to mitigate negative impacts and capitalize on global trends.

Discuss the implications of India’s declining share in global FDI inflows despite entering into Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with countries like Australia and the UAE.

Overview of India’s recent FTAs and their intended benefits for trade and investment.
Analysis of the correlation between FTAs and FDI inflows into India.
Discussion on the effectiveness of FTAs in attracting FDI compared to other factors like ease of doing business and market access.
Examination of the challenges faced by India in leveraging FTAs for enhancing FDI.
Strategic recommendations for improving FDI inflows through better utilization of FTAs.

Climate Crisis Response

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Extreme weather and Earth system changes are top risks, interconnected and worsened by climate change.
Temperature increases lead to irreversible changes and more extreme weather, impacting ecosystems like coral reefs.
Coral reefs’ destruction affects marine life and human communities, increasing vulnerability to extreme weather and food insecurity.
Global Risk Report highlights environmental damage, climate change, and societal response failures as major concerns.
Several climate tipping points and planetary boundaries are close to being crossed, posing existential threats to life on Earth.
Maintaining optimism is crucial for effective response; understanding the harsh realities enables better decision-making and resilience.
Earth Decides initiative launched to foster informed optimism and develop effective response strategies through global collaboration.
Focus areas include carbon emission mitigation, adaptation strategies, and addressing climate-related emotional responses.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of coral reefs in mitigating the impacts of extreme weather events and discuss the broader implications of their loss on global ecosystems and human societies.

Coral reefs act as natural barriers against storm surges and coastal erosion.
Their degradation leads to increased vulnerability of coastal areas to storms and flooding.
Loss of biodiversity as many marine species depend on coral reefs for food and habitat.
Impact on fisheries and livelihoods that depend on coral reefs.
Increased carbon emissions due to loss of coral reefs’ ability to sequester carbon.

2. Evaluate the interconnectedness of climate change, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem collapse, and explain how these factors collectively exacerbate global risks.

Climate change drives biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse through alterations in temperature, precipitation, and more extreme weather.
Biodiversity loss reduces ecosystem resilience, making it harder for systems to recover from climate extremes.
Ecosystem collapse further accelerates climate change by releasing stored carbon and reducing carbon sequestration.
The mutual reinforcement of these factors leads to a cascading effect on global environmental stability and human well-being.
Implications for food security, water sources, and human health, increasing global vulnerability.

3. Discuss the concept of ‘informed optimism’ in the context of global environmental challenges and outline how it can be strategically used to enhance effective responses to climate crises.

Informed optimism involves acknowledging the severity of environmental challenges while maintaining a belief in the potential for positive change.
It encourages proactive engagement and resilience, rather than despair and inaction.
Facilitates the development of realistic, science-based strategies for mitigation and adaptation.
Empowers stakeholders by fostering a collaborative approach to problem-solving.
Can lead to innovative solutions and stronger policies by integrating diverse perspectives and expertise.

Bees: Unsung Climate Heroes

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Bees are crucial for pollination, honey production, and maintaining biodiversity.
They play a key role in seed production for diverse flowering plants in various ecosystems.
Bees have co-evolved with flowering plants, leading to a wide variety of species.
Specific flowering plants attract bees, essential for ecosystem health and resilience.
Grasslands, supported by bees, store carbon in deep root systems, mitigating climate change.
Bees enhance soil health through their nesting habits, which improve soil structure and nutrient cycling.
Individual actions, like planting native plants and reducing pesticide use, can support bee populations.
Supporting policies and practices that protect grasslands and reduce harmful chemicals helps preserve bee habitats.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Question 1: Critically examine the role of bees in carbon sequestration and how this contributes to combating climate change.

Bees pollinate flowering plants, which are crucial for maintaining healthy grassland ecosystems.
Grasslands, with deep-rooted plants, store significant amounts of carbon below ground, which remains sequestered even during fires.
By supporting plant growth, bees indirectly help in enhancing soil health and stability, further aiding carbon storage.

Question 2: Discuss the impact of solitary bee species on soil health in arid and temperate grassland ecosystems.

Solitary bees nest in the soil, creating extensive underground networks that aerate the soil and enhance water retention.
Their activities support a diverse plant root system that stabilizes the soil and maintains its fertility.
Healthy soils enriched by bee activity support a variety of life forms and contribute to overall ecosystem resilience.

Question 3: Evaluate the importance of individual and community actions in preserving native bee populations and their habitats.

Planting native flowering plants and reducing pesticide use provides safe feeding and nesting grounds for bees.
Community initiatives to create bee habitats and regulate harmful practices can significantly enhance bee survival and proliferation.
Supporting brands and policies that advocate for sustainable practices and grassland conservation helps maintain bee populations and their ecological services.

Gangetic Dolphin Conservation

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The speedboat approaches the confluence of the Jia Bhoreli and Brahmaputra rivers near Kaziranga National Park.
Endangered Gangetic dolphins, including a calf and its mother, are spotted near the boat.
The dolphins rely on echolocation due to their virtual blindness.
The Biswanath Wildlife Division, part of the park, focuses on conserving these dolphins.
The Greater Kaziranga programme aims to expand tourism beyond traditional areas to include dolphin watching and other activities.
Biswanath Ghat, recognized as the best tourism village, is central to new tourism initiatives.
Local developments hope to benefit from sustainable and niche tourism, leveraging local culture and organic farming.
The overall goal is to manage tourist pressure on Kaziranga while promoting conservation and local benefits.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of eco-tourism in the conservation of endangered species, with specific reference to the Gangetic river dolphin in Kaziranga National Park.

Eco-tourism promotes awareness and education among tourists about endangered species.
Financial revenues from eco-tourism help fund conservation projects and enhance park facilities.
Increased tourist activity can lead to habitat disturbance, potentially harming the species it aims to protect.
Effective management and regulation are required to balance conservation efforts with tourist activities.

2. Discuss the implications of the ‘Greater Kaziranga programme’ on the local communities and biodiversity of the region.

Expansion of tourism can provide economic benefits to local communities through job creation and entrepreneurship.
Infrastructure development might improve living standards but could also lead to environmental degradation if not managed sustainably.
Enhanced protection measures for biodiversity as a result of increased international and national interest and investment.
Potential cultural impacts and changes in traditional lifestyles of local communities due to increased external influences.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of India’s policies on wildlife conservation in the context of the Biswanath Wildlife Division’s approach to managing human-wildlife conflict.

Assessment of current wildlife conservation policies and their implementation effectiveness in the Biswanath Division.
Analysis of strategies used to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts, such as community engagement and compensation schemes.
Consideration of ecological sustainability and the balance between development and conservation efforts.
Recommendations for policy improvements based on local needs and global best practices.

Volcanoes and Climate Change

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Volcanoes act like nature’s pressure cookers, releasing hot lava, gases, and particles during eruptions.
These gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat in the atmosphere.
Volcanic aerosols can reflect sunlight back into space, temporarily cooling the Earth.
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo demonstrated this cooling effect, as aerosols led to a global temperature drop of about 0.5 degrees Celsius for a couple of years.
However, the impact of volcanoes on climate change is short-lived compared to ongoing human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which continuously emit larger amounts of greenhouse gases.
While volcanoes play a role in climate dynamics, the primary drivers of long-term climate change are human activities.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of volcanic eruptions in the global climate system and their impact compared to human-induced climate change.

Volcanic eruptions release greenhouse gases like CO2 and aerosols that can both warm and cool the Earth.
Short-term cooling effects are often observed due to aerosols reflecting sunlight, as seen with Mount Pinatubo in 1991.
Long-term global warming is predominantly driven by human activities, which significantly exceed volcanic emissions in volume and impact.
Volcanic activity is sporadic and less predictable, whereas human emissions are continuous and increasing over time.

2. Discuss the dual role of volcanic aerosols in climate modulation and the implications for climate change mitigation strategies.

Volcanic aerosols reflect sunlight, leading to temporary global cooling, which can mask the warming effects of greenhouse gases.
The temporary nature of aerosols in the atmosphere means they cannot be relied upon for long-term climate change mitigation.
Understanding aerosol impacts can help in designing artificial geoengineering strategies, but with cautious consideration of potential risks.
Focus on reducing human greenhouse gas emissions remains paramount, as natural volcanic effects are unpredictable and insufficient to counteract ongoing warming.

3. Evaluate the significance of monitoring volcanic activity as part of a comprehensive approach to understanding and managing global climate dynamics.

Monitoring volcanic emissions is crucial for predicting the climatic effects of major eruptions and preparing mitigation strategies.
Volcanic monitoring helps in risk assessment for local communities and global aviation safety from volcanic ash.
Data from volcanic activity can provide valuable insights into the Earth’s geological and atmospheric processes, enhancing climate models.
Integrating volcanic monitoring with other climate observation systems can improve the accuracy of climate predictions and the effectiveness of response strategies.

Climate Control Urgency

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The World Economic Forum highlights that global warming control is still possible despite a significant increase in emissions since 1992.
Government pledges alone are insufficient to meet zero emissions targets set by the Paris Agreement.
The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, balancing climate impact mitigation with feasibility.
The International Energy Agency identifies over 400 milestones necessary to prevent exceeding the 1.5 degrees Celsius increase.
Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are crucial for achieving these targets.
Limiting warming to 1.5 degrees helps maintain climate stability and reduces severe weather risks.
This temperature limit is also vital for preserving ecosystems and biodiversity.
Restricting warming mitigates sea level rise, protecting coastal and low-lying areas.
Keeping temperature increases at bay supports food security by reducing risks to agriculture.
Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees also helps protect human health from climate-related risks.
Overall, maintaining this temperature threshold supports social and economic stability by reducing climate-induced disruptions.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the role of international agreements like the Paris Agreement in controlling global warming and discuss their effectiveness in achieving global climate targets.

Definition and purpose of the Paris Agreement.
Goals set by the Paris Agreement, specifically the 1.5 degrees Celsius target.
Current progress of countries in adhering to the Paris Agreement commitments.
Challenges and limitations in achieving these targets.
Role of international cooperation and compliance mechanisms.

Critically evaluate the impact of rising temperatures on global food security and propose measures to mitigate these effects.

Explanation of how rising temperatures affect agricultural productivity.
Specific impacts on crop yields, water availability, and soil quality.
Analysis of regions most vulnerable to these changes.
Adaptation strategies for agriculture to cope with changing climate conditions.
Role of technology and innovation in ensuring food security under climate stress.

Discuss the significance of renewable energy sources in achieving the zero emissions target and assess their feasibility as the primary global energy sources.

Overview of different renewable energy sources: solar, wind, hydro, and others.
Current global energy mix and the contribution of renewable sources.
Technological and economic challenges in scaling up renewable energy infrastructure.
Government policies and incentives to promote renewable energy.
Long-term benefits of transitioning to a renewable-based energy system.

Pink Lake’s Decline

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Lake Retba, also known as Lac Rose, is located near Dakar, Senegal.
The lake is famous for its pink waters, caused by the algae Dunaliella salina.
It is a significant tourist destination and a site for artisanal salt mining.
Environmental challenges include pollution and changes in salinity affecting the algae.
Urbanization and motorized traffic threaten the surrounding dunes and local ecosystem.
High nitrate levels from nearby urban development have recently been detected.
Recommendations to preserve the lake include banning certain mining and controlling urban expansion.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the ecological and economic impacts of artisanal salt mining on Lake Retba and its surrounding communities.

Ecological impacts include alteration of the lake’s salinity and potential harm to unique microbial life.
Economic benefits for local communities through job creation and income from salt sales.
Potential negative economic impacts due to environmental degradation affecting tourism and long-term sustainability.

Critically discuss the role of government and international bodies in preserving ecologically sensitive sites like Lake Retba in the face of urbanization and industrial activities.

Government responsibilities in enforcing environmental regulations and land use planning.
Role of international bodies in providing guidelines, funding, and expertise for conservation projects.
Challenges in balancing development needs with environmental preservation.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the recommendations made in The Pink Lake Studiesin addressing the environmental challenges faced by Lake Retba.

Analysis of the specific recommendations made and their relevance to the challenges described.
Assessment of implementation issues and reasons for non-adoption of recommendations.
Potential alternative strategies that could be more effective in preserving Lake Retba.

Karnataka Water Crisis

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Karnataka is experiencing a severe water shortage due to drought affecting reservoir levels.
The northern region is particularly impacted, leading to a crisis response focused on preserving water primarily for drinking.
Out of 236 taluks, 195 have been declared drought-hit, with the most severe conditions in the north.
Reservoirs have significantly lower water levels than expected, with major deficits in key dams.
Authorities are promoting water conservation and advising against cultivating water-intensive crops.
Some areas received unexpected flooding, but overall, the water scarcity remains critical.
Efforts are underway to manage the limited water supply, focusing on essential needs and minimal agricultural use.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the impact of water scarcity on agricultural practices and crop selection in drought-prone areas of Karnataka.

Reduction in water-intensive crops like sugarcane and rice.
Shift towards drought-resistant crops such as millets or pulses.
Impact on farmers’ income due to lower yield and change in crop type.
Need for government support and agricultural advisories to manage transitions.

2. Discuss the role of Irrigation Consultative Committees (ICC) in managing water resources during drought conditions in Karnataka.

Creation of awareness among farmers about water conservation techniques.
Advising on crop selection to reduce water consumption.
Coordination between different water users to prioritize drinking water supply.
Assessment of water availability and advising on irrigation schedules.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of current policies and infrastructure in mitigating the effects of severe droughts on Karnataka’s water security.

Analysis of existing water storage and management infrastructure.
Effectiveness of policies aimed at water conservation and management.
Role of state and local governments in implementing drought mitigation strategies.
Need for upgrading infrastructure and adopting modern water management technologies.

Measles Vaccination Lag

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Despite an effective measles vaccine, outbreaks continue in the U.S., with recent cases in multiple states.
Many cases involve unvaccinated individuals, highlighting pockets of low vaccination coverage.
Declining routine childhood vaccination rates contribute to the resurgence of measles.
Misinformation about vaccines, particularly the debunked claim linking MMR to autism, persists and affects vaccination rates.
The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated issues by delaying routine vaccinations and increasing vaccine hesitancy.
Global measles cases are rising, emphasizing the need for high vaccination coverage to maintain herd immunity.
Experts stress the importance of vaccine education to combat misinformation and prevent measles outbreaks.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of misinformation in influencing vaccination rates and its impact on public health in the context of measles outbreaks.

Discuss the historical context of vaccine misinformation, particularly referencing the retracted 1998 Lancet paper by Andrew Wakefield.
Analyze how misinformation persists even after debunking and the role of social media and other platforms in spreading such misinformation.
Evaluate the impact of misinformation on vaccination rates and subsequent measles outbreaks.
Propose strategies to combat misinformation and improve public health literacy.

2. Evaluate the effectiveness of the measles vaccination program in the U.S., considering the recent trends in exemption rates and outbreak occurrences.

Review the vaccination coverage rates over recent years and correlate with the exemption trends.
Analyze the relationship between lower vaccination rates and the resurgence of measles cases.
Discuss the role of public health policies in managing vaccination rates and preventing outbreaks.
Assess the CDC’s strategies and their effectiveness in maintaining or increasing vaccine coverage.

3. Discuss the implications of declining global vaccination rates on measles resurgence worldwide and the potential strategies to reverse this trend.

Examine the global trends in measles vaccination rates and the corresponding increase in measles cases and deaths.
Analyze factors contributing to the decline in vaccination rates globally, including vaccine hesitancy and political factors.
Propose international cooperation strategies to improve vaccination coverage.
Evaluate the role of organizations like WHO and CDC in global vaccination initiatives.

Complex Water Freezing

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Water does not always freeze at 0 degrees Celsius; it can remain liquid even at much lower temperatures.
Supercooled water in clouds can stay liquid down to -40 degrees Celsius, and pure water can avoid freezing until below -46 degrees Celsius.
For water to freeze, molecules must arrange in a crystalline structure, requiring an initiation point or nucleus like dust or impurities.
Pure water lacks these nucleators, making it difficult to freeze, while impure water freezes more readily.
Some microorganisms have evolved to facilitate ice formation, using molecular strategies to trigger nucleation.
Biological ice nucleation was first observed in the 1970s with bacteria that can initiate ice formation just below 0 degrees Celsius.
Fungi, like Fusarium acuminatum, produce ice nucleators that function at temperatures as high as -2 degrees Celsius and influence weather patterns.
These fungal nucleators are stable and efficient, forming functional aggregates that promote ice nucleation.
Understanding and harnessing these biological processes could improve technologies like snow-making and cloud-seeding.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of biological ice nucleators in influencing local and potentially global weather patterns.

Understanding the basic function of biological ice nucleators in the environment.
Exploring the impact of these nucleators on cloud formation and precipitation.
Discussing potential implications for weather modification and climate change.

2. Discuss the ecological advantages and potential applications of ice-nucleating proteins produced by fungi and bacteria.

Reviewing the role of these proteins in natural ecosystems.
Exploring their use in technologies such as artificial snowmaking and cloud seeding.
Evaluating the benefits and risks associated with manipulating these biological systems.

3. Evaluate the scientific and technological challenges involved in harnessing ice-nucleating proteins for cryo-preservation and other industrial applications.

Identifying the key scientific hurdles in understanding and utilizing these proteins.
Discussing the technological advancements needed to apply these proteins effectively.
Assessing the potential impact on industries such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and climate engineering.

U.S. Chip Design Importance

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Chip design involves creating layouts for integrated circuits (ICs) to optimize performance, size, and energy consumption.
S. leadership in chip design enhances economic competitiveness and national security by maintaining technological superiority and secure supply chains.
Chip design R&D is complex, requiring collaboration across various technical domains and continuous adaptation to new performance specifications.
Emerging R&D concerns include rising costs due to advanced technology and potential revenue losses from export restrictions.
The U.S. faces challenges in retaining skilled chip designers, despite being a leader in advanced science and engineering education.
Integration within semiconductor ecosystems, like those led by TSMC, is crucial for meeting diverse client needs and fostering innovation.
S. policies supporting the semiconductor design ecosystem include intellectual property protections, the CHIPS and Science Act, and initiatives like RAMP and NSTC to bolster domestic capabilities and innovation.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Question 1: Critically examine the role of chip design in enhancing the economic competitiveness of the United States.

Chip design is central to technological innovation and product development in various sectors.
S. companies lead in global chip design market share, influencing economic strength.
Advanced chip design capabilities drive R&D investments, leading to new technologies and job creation.
Interconnection between chip design leadership and the presence of major tech companies in the U.S., boosting the stock market and overall economic health.

Question 2: Discuss the implications of U.S. leadership in chip design on national security.

Control over chip design secures the supply chain, reducing dependency on potentially hostile foreign powers.
Ensures the availability of high-performance computing capabilities for defense and intelligence systems.
Prevents technology theft and ensures cybersecurity by maintaining domestic control over advanced technologies.
Supports secure communications and infrastructure critical to national defense and emergency response.

Question 3: Evaluate the policies that could support the sustained leadership of the U.S. in the semiconductor chip design industry.

Enhancing federal funding and subsidies for R&D in semiconductor technologies.
Strengthening intellectual property laws to protect U.S. innovations in chip design.
Formulating educational policies to develop a skilled workforce specialized in semiconductor technologies.
Encouraging public-private partnerships to foster innovation and reduce time-to-market for new technologies.
Implementing strategic trade policies to protect U.S. semiconductor firms from unfair competition.

Green Hydrogen Promotion

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has launched guidelines and incentives under the National Green Hydrogen Mission.
A budget of Rs 17,490 crore is allocated for the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) programme to support domestic production of green hydrogen and electrolyzers.
The SIGHT scheme, implemented under Mode-2B, uses a competitive bidding process to procure green hydrogen at the lowest cost.
Tranche I of Mode 2B allows for a bidding capacity of 200,000 million tonnes per annum.
The execution of the scheme is managed by agencies nominated by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG), primarily involving oil and gas companies.
The Centre for High Technology (CHT) provides secretarial and managerial support for the implementation.
Green hydrogen is crucial for reducing sulfur in crude oil during the production of petrol and diesel.
Major oil companies like Indian Oil Corporation and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation are setting up green hydrogen plants in refineries.
Incentives are offered based on the ‘National Green Hydrogen Standard’ with a decreasing subsidy rate over three years.
The scheme prioritizes bidders offering the lowest supply prices and requires them to meet specific financial criteria.
A monitoring committee reviews the scheme’s implementation and addresses challenges.
Despite global interest in green hydrogen, its adoption in India faces challenges like potential greenwashing and resource conflicts.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) programme in achieving India’s renewable energy targets.

Overview of the SIGHT programme and its objectives.
Analysis of the financial and policy support provided under the programme.
Assessment of the potential impact on domestic electrolyser manufacturing and green hydrogen production.
Discussion on how the programme aligns with India’s broader renewable energy and climate goals.

2. Discuss the implications of adopting Mode-2B for the procurement of green hydrogen in terms of cost-effectiveness and market competition.

Explanation of Mode-2B and its operational mechanism.
Evaluation of the competitive selection process for green hydrogen procurement.
Analysis of how aggregating demand influences prices and market dynamics.
Assessment of potential benefits and challenges associated with this approach.

3. Evaluate the potential environmental and socio-economic impacts of scaling up green hydrogen production in India.

Overview of green hydrogen production processes and their environmental footprint.
Discussion on the use of land and water resources for green hydrogen projects.
Analysis of potential conflicts, such as land-use and water rights issues.
Assessment of how green hydrogen can contribute to sustainable development and job creation.

Ethical AI in Healthcare

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The WHO has issued guidance on the ethical use of large multi-modal models (LMMs) in healthcare, addressing their rapid integration and potential impacts.
LMMs process various data types and are used in diagnosis, patient care, administrative tasks, education, and research, but they pose risks like generating biased or false information.
Key concerns include data quality, bias, cybersecurity, affordability, and the risk of automation bias which might lead to overlooked errors in healthcare.
The WHO emphasizes the need for transparent policies, global cooperation, and regulatory frameworks to manage LMM development and use effectively.
Recommendations for governments include investing in ethical AI infrastructure, enacting laws to meet ethical standards, and conducting mandatory audits and assessments.
Developers are advised to engage with diverse stakeholders early in the AI development process and design LMMs for specific, accurate tasks while considering potential secondary outcomes.
The guidance aims to ensure that AI technologies like LMMs serve public health interests ethically and sustainably, aligning with WHO’s core principles for AI in health.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of ethical governance in the deployment of large multi-modal models (LMMs) in healthcare.

Importance of ethical principles in AI to protect patient autonomy and promote well-being.
Challenges posed by biases in AI training data and their impact on health equity.
Role of transparent policies in ensuring the responsible use of AI technologies.
Need for international cooperation in setting global standards and regulations for AI in healthcare.

2. Discuss the potential risks and benefits of using LMMs in clinical care and medical research.

Benefits such as improved diagnostic accuracy, personalized treatment options, and efficiency in handling administrative tasks.
Risks including the generation of inaccurate or biased medical advice, potential for automation bias, and cybersecurity threats.
Impact of LMMs on medical education and training of healthcare professionals.
Importance of continuous monitoring and evaluation to mitigate risks.

3. Evaluate the implications of rapid AI adoption in healthcare on global health disparities.

How AI can potentially enhance healthcare delivery and access in underserved areas.
Risks of widening health disparities due to uneven access to AI technologies.
The role of public investment in infrastructure to support equitable AI deployment.
Strategies to ensure inclusiveness and equity in the development and use of healthcare AI.

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