UPSC Current Affairs – January 14-15, 2024

January 15, 2024 July 22, 2024

Thiruvalluvar Depiction Controversy

GS-1-Indian Culture

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Thiruvalluvar Day marked by Tamil Nadu Governor and Chief Minister with differing depictions.
Governor’s post shows Thiruvalluvar in saffron, sparking saffronisation allegations by DMK.
Chief Minister’s post shows Thiruvalluvar in white robes.
DMK MP Kanimozhi criticizes the use of religious symbols in Thiruvalluvar’s depiction.
Thiruvalluvar’s historical period and religious affiliation are debated.
Thiruvalluvar’s ‘Tirukkural’ is a significant cultural text in Tamil Nadu.
Depictions of Thiruvalluvar have been influenced by political agendas.
Recent archaeological findings at Keeladi have intensified debates on Tamil history and identity.
Past controversies over Thiruvalluvar’s depiction in saffron robes.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of Thiruvalluvar’s Tirukkural in shaping Tamil cultural identity and its relevance in contemporary Indian society.

Historical significance of Tirukkural
Core themes and values in Tirukkural
Influence on Tamil literature and culture
Relevance in modern ethical and social contexts
Comparative analysis with other Indian philosophical texts

2. Discuss the political implications of the differing representations of Thiruvalluvar in Tamil Nadu’s socio-political landscape.

Historical context of Thiruvalluvar’s depictions
Role of Dravidian and Hindutva ideologies
Impact on Tamil Nadu’s political discourse
Public perception and cultural identity
Recent controversies and their implications

3. Evaluate the significance of archaeological findings at Keeladi in understanding the ancient history of Tamil Nadu and its impact on contemporary historical narratives.

Overview of Keeladi excavations
Findings and their historical importance
Impact on the understanding of the Sangam Era
Debates between Dravidian and Hindutva perspectives
Implications for Tamil Nadu’s cultural and historical identity

Martin Luther King Day Celebration

GS-1-Modern World History

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Martin Luther King Day: Celebrated on the third Monday in January.
Honors Martin Luther King Jr., a civil rights hero.
King fought for racial equality and civil rights.
Day involves community outreach, reflection, and campaigning for equality.
Before 1964, racial segregation was prevalent in the US.
King’s I Have a Dreamspeech in 1963 was pivotal.
Speech led to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, ending racial segregation.
King won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.
Assassinated in 1968; remembered through parades and a day off.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the impact of Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dreamspeech on the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

Historical context of the speech
Key themes and messages in the speech
Immediate public and political reactions
Long-term effects on civil rights legislation
Influence on subsequent civil rights activism

2. Discuss the significance of Martin Luther King Day in promoting racial equality and civil rights awareness in contemporary America.

Historical background of Martin Luther King Day
Activities and events held on Martin Luther King Day
Role in educating the public about civil rights history
Impact on community engagement and activism
Comparison with other civil rights commemorations

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in addressing racial discrimination in the United States.

Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Initial challenges and resistance to implementation
Short-term and long-term outcomes
Case studies of successful and unsuccessful applications
Current relevance and areas needing improvement

Maharashtra Assembly Speaker’s Decision

GS-2-Indian Constitution & Polity

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Speaker refused to disqualify 40 MLAs of Eknath Shinde faction.
Recognised Shinde faction as the real Shiv Sena.
Held appointment of whip by Shinde faction valid.
Did not disqualify 14 MLAs of UBT group due to technical reasons.
Anti-defection law introduced in 1985 to ensure government stability.
Law disqualifies members who defect or vote against party instructions.
Speaker’s decision based on strength and party’s 1999 constitution.
Supreme Court suggested independent tribunal for disqualification decisions.
Need for internal democracy and regular elections within political parties.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of the Speaker in the context of the Tenth Schedule and its implications on political stability in India.

Role and powers of the Speaker under the Tenth Schedule.
Instances of bias and favoritism by Speakers.
Impact on political stability and governance.
Supreme Court recommendations for reforms.
Need for an independent tribunal to decide on disqualification.

2. Discuss the significance of inner-party democracy in preventing defections and ensuring political stability, with reference to recent events in Maharashtra.

Definition and importance of inner-party democracy.
Connection between lack of inner-party democracy and defections.
Case study: Eknath Shinde faction vs. Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray group.
Supreme Court’s three-test formula for recognizing the original political party.
Proposed reforms for institutionalizing inner-party democracy.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-defection law in its current form and suggest reforms to address its shortcomings.

Overview of the anti-defection law and its objectives.
Key provisions and exceptions under the Tenth Schedule.
Issues and challenges in the implementation of the law.
Case studies highlighting the law’s shortcomings.
Proposed reforms, including the role of an independent tribunal and strengthening inner-party democracy.

UN Humanitarian Efforts in Gaza

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

UN delivers humanitarian aid in Gaza despite dangers.
Conflict zones pose extreme risks, especially in Gaza.
Evacuation orders and impassable roads complicate aid delivery.
Winter weather adds challenges to UN convoys.
UN coordinates with NGOs for efficient aid distribution.
Food, water shortages, and overwhelmed health centers in Gaza.
Delays and access denials at Israeli checkpoints hinder aid.
UNRWA shelters overcrowded and targeted by bombardments.
High-risk missions to deliver medical supplies by WHO.
UNFPA provides family planning and reproductive health kits.
UNICEF supports children with education, health, and sanitation.
WFP warns of acute food insecurity for 2.2 million people.
23 UN agencies operate in Palestine under the Resident Coordinator.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of the United Nations in providing humanitarian aid in conflict zones, with a specific focus on Gaza.

UN’s mandate and principles in conflict zones
Challenges faced by UN humanitarian workers in Gaza
Coordination with international and national NGOs
Impact of access restrictions and security threats
Effectiveness of aid delivery and areas for improvement

2. Evaluate the impact of the ongoing conflict in Gaza on the operations of UN agencies such as UNRWA, WHO, and UNICEF.

Operational challenges faced by UNRWA in Gaza
Health crisis and WHO’s response efforts
UNICEF’s role in child protection and education
Casualties and damage to UN facilities
Long-term implications for UN agency operations

3. Discuss the socio-economic impact of the Gaza conflict on the Palestinian population, with reference to the role of UN agencies in mitigating these effects.

Pre-conflict socio-economic conditions in Gaza
Impact of conflict on food security and poverty
UN WFP’s efforts in addressing food insecurity
UNICEF’s initiatives in health, education, and child protection
Overall effectiveness of UN interventions in improving socio-economic conditions

Decline in Multidimensional Poverty

GS-2-Social Justice

Facts for Pre & Mains:

82 crore Indians escaped multidimensional poverty in nine years.
Largest decline in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan (13.88 crore).
89% decline in multidimensional poverty from 2013-14 to 2022-23.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) measures poverty using health, education, living standards.
MPI developed by Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative.
UNDP uses MPI in over 100 developing nations.
India’s MPI includes 12 parameters: health, education, living standards.
Households with deprivation score >33% are multidimensionally poor.
India likely to achieve SDG Target 1.2 by 2030.
Government programs (Poshan Abhiyan, Ujjwala Yojna, etc.) helped reduce poverty.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of government schemes like Poshan Abhiyan, Ujjwala Yojna, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, and Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna in reducing multidimensional poverty in India.

Overview of each scheme
Specific contributions to health, education, and living standards
Statistical impact on poverty reduction
Challenges and limitations
Future prospects and recommendations

2. Discuss the significance of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in understanding poverty in India compared to traditional income-based measures.

Definition and components of MPI
Comparison with income-based poverty measures
Advantages of using MPI
Case studies or examples from India
Policy implications and recommendations

3. Evaluate the progress India has made towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 1.2, which aims to reduce multidimensional poverty by half by 2030.

Current status of multidimensional poverty in India
Key government initiatives and their impact
Statistical trends and projections
Challenges in achieving the target
Recommendations for future action

HPV Vaccine Rollout in India

GS-2-Social Justice

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Government monitoring cervical cancer cases.
Decision pending on HPV vaccination campaign.
NTAGI recommended HPV vaccine for girls aged 9-14.
HPV: Common virus, sexually transmitted, can cause cancer.
HPV vaccine, screening, and treatment manage cervical cancer.
Indigenous HPV vaccine can reduce cervical cancer burden.
Government aims to include HPV vaccine in immunisation program.
HPV vaccine reduces risk of cervical and other cancers.
Early immunisation leads to herd immunity.
Both genders should be vaccinated to prevent HPV transmission.
‘Cervavac’ is India’s first indigenous HPV vaccine.
Developed by Serum Institute of India, as effective as Gardasil.
HPV vaccine protects against cancer-causing virus strains.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the significance of including the HPV vaccine in India’s universal immunisation programme for adolescent girls.

Reduction in cervical cancer incidence
Herd immunity benefits
Cost-effectiveness of indigenous vaccine
Challenges in vaccine rollout
Public awareness and acceptance

2. Discuss the potential public health impact of widespread HPV vaccination in India, considering both individual and community-level benefits.

Decrease in HPV-related cancers
Reduction in healthcare costs
Improvement in women’s health outcomes
Herd immunity and reduced virus prevalence
Long-term societal benefits

3. Evaluate the challenges and barriers to the successful implementation of the HPV vaccination programme in India.

Vaccine accessibility and distribution
Public awareness and education
Cultural and social barriers
Cost and funding issues
Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms

National Startup Day 2024

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

16 January declared National Startup Day in 2022 by PM Modi.
Startup India programme expanded startups from 400 to 1.18 lakh.
Union Minister Piyush Goyal praised the initiative’s impact.
Theme for 2023: Founder of Today, Leader of Tomorrow.
Innovation Week 2024: 10-18 January, theme Celebrating 8 Years of Innovation.
9,978 startups recognized in July-September 2023.
Startup India initiative launched on 16 January 2016.
Benefits: compliance self-certification, patent assistance, tax exemption.
Key initiatives: Seed Fund Scheme, Fund of Funds Scheme, Credit Guarantee Scheme, MAARG mentorship, National Startup Awards, State Ranking Framework.
2,977 income tax exemptions and 3,658 startups funded under SIDBI Fund of Funds.
₹10,000 crore corpus for SIDBI Fund of Funds, investing through AIFs.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of the Startup India initiative in fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in India.

Overview of Startup India initiative
Key schemes and benefits provided
Impact on the number of startups
Contribution to socio-economic development
Challenges and areas for improvement

2. Discuss the significance of National Startup Day in promoting the startup ecosystem in India.

Historical context and declaration
Objectives of National Startup Day
Role in acknowledging and motivating entrepreneurs
Impact on public and private sector collaboration
Future prospects and potential outcomes

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of financial support mechanisms under the Startup India programme in aiding startup growth.

Overview of financial support mechanisms
Seed Fund Scheme and Fund of Funds Scheme
Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups
Impact on startup funding and growth
Assessment of challenges and recommendations for improvement

India-Argentina Lithium Exploration Agreement

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

India signed agreement with Argentina’s CAMYEN for lithium exploration.
KABIL, a joint venture of NALCO, HCL, and MECL, gets exclusive rights for five lithium blocks in Catamarca.
KABIL to invest Rs 200 crore and set up a branch office.
Lithium is crucial for EVs, wind turbines, and smart grids, reducing CO2 emissions.
India aims for 500 GW non-fossil fuel electricity by 2030.
India, largest lithium importer, faces supply challenges; relies on China.
Attero Recycling plans to recycle 300,000 tonnes of lithium-ion batteries in five years.
Deal helps Indian companies gain technical know-how in lithium exploration.
India listed 30 critical minerals; lacks experience in mining them.
Deal reduces reliance on China, supports supply chain diversification.
India joined Minerals Security Partnership to counter China’s dominance.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the significance of India’s agreement with Argentina for lithium exploration in the context of India’s green energy goals.

Boost to India’s green energy initiatives
Reduction in CO2 emissions
Support for electric vehicle (EV) industry
Enhanced energy storage solutions
Reduction in dependency on fossil fuels

2. Discuss the potential challenges Indian companies might face in lithium exploration and extraction based on the recent agreement with Argentina.

Lack of technical know-how
Operational challenges
High initial investment
Environmental concerns
Geopolitical risks

3. Evaluate the geostrategic implications of India’s lithium exploration deal with Argentina in the context of global supply chain diversification.

Reduction in reliance on China
Strengthening of bilateral ties with Argentina
Participation in the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP)
Enhanced global standing in critical minerals market
Potential for future collaborations in mining and energy sectors

India’s Sovereign Green Bonds Expansion

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

RBI opened bidding for new sovereign green bonds.
₹5,000 crore worth of 30-year bonds issued; another tranche end of month.
Total ₹20,000 crore green bonds planned for current fiscal year.
Previous issuances: ₹5,000 crore (5-year) in November, ₹5,000 crore (10-year) in December.
India joined green bonds club in January last year with ₹8,000 crore issuance.
Union Budget 2022-23 announced green bonds; finance ministry published framework.
Upcoming Union Budget may propose ₹20,000 crore green bonds for FY25.
Green bonds fund public sector green projects to reduce carbon emissions.
Funds allocated to projects within 24 months; unutilized funds roll over.
Proceeds deposited in Consolidated Fund of India; tracked separately.
Eligible projects: energy efficiency, emissions reduction, climate resilience, etc.
Excluded projects: fossil fuels, nuclear power, large hydropower, waste incineration.
Green bonds offer lower yields (‘greenium’) compared to traditional bonds.
Past issuances had marginal yield differences; November bonds had 2 basis points discount.
FY 2022-23: ₹16,000 crore raised, mainly for renewable energy and other sustainable projects.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of sovereign green bonds in India’s efforts to meet its Paris Agreement and net-zero commitments.

Definition and purpose of sovereign green bonds
Alignment with Paris Agreement and net-zero goals
Types of projects funded (renewable energy, public transport electrification, etc.)
Impact on carbon emissions and climate resilience
Challenges and limitations

2. Discuss the criteria for project eligibility under the Sovereign Green Bond Framework and evaluate their effectiveness in promoting sustainable development in India.

Criteria for green project eligibility
Examples of eligible projects (energy efficiency, low-carbon buildings, etc.)
Exclusions (fossil fuel production, nuclear power, etc.)
Alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Effectiveness in promoting sustainability

3. Explain the concept of ‘greenium’ and critically discuss its implications for investors and the broader financial market in India.

Definition of ‘greenium’
Comparison of yields between green bonds and traditional bonds
Factors contributing to the yield gap
Implications for investors (lower returns, environmental value)
Impact on the broader financial market

Kashmir’s Declining Snowfall Impact

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Gulmarg lacks snow, reducing tourist flow and ski resort business.
95,989 tourists visited last January; current footfall down by 60%.
Snow crucial for climate, crops, water, and economy in Kashmir.
Entire Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh face dry winter, no rain or snow.
80% rainfall deficit in December, 100% in January; Ladakh also dry.
Decline in snowfall linked to fewer Western Disturbances and rising temperatures.
El Nino may contribute to this year’s deficit precipitation.
Western Disturbances originate beyond Afghanistan, crucial for winter rain.
Recent years show declining trend in strong Western Disturbances.
Rising temperatures in upper elevations also reduce snowfall.
El Nino affects global atmospheric circulation, impacting precipitation.
Climate change likely contributing to declining snowfall.
Less snowfall impacts hydroelectricity, glacier melting, and water supply.
Short-term effects include forest fires, agricultural drought, and lower crop yield.
Winter snow vital for soil moisture, affecting apple and saffron yields.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the impact of declining Western Disturbances on the winter precipitation patterns in the Himalayan region and its broader implications on the local economy and environment.

Definition and origin of Western Disturbances
Role in winter precipitation in the Himalayan region
Recent trends in the frequency and intensity of Western Disturbances
Impact on snowfall and rainfall patterns
Consequences for local agriculture and horticulture
Effects on water resources and hydroelectricity generation
Broader environmental implications, including glacier melting and forest fires
Connection to climate change and rising temperatures

2. Discuss the role of El Nino in influencing the winter weather patterns in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, and evaluate its interaction with other climatic factors contributing to the region’s precipitation deficit.

Explanation of El Nino phenomenon
Impact of El Nino on global atmospheric circulation
Specific effects on winter weather patterns in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
Interaction with Western Disturbances
Comparison with non-El Nino years
Contribution to precipitation deficit
Other climatic factors influencing the region’s weather
Overall evaluation of El Nino’s role in the current scenario

3. Evaluate the short-term and long-term repercussions of reduced snowfall in Kashmir on the region’s agriculture, water resources, and overall climate stability.

Importance of snowfall for winter crops and horticulture
Short-term impacts on crop yield and agricultural productivity
Effects on water availability and groundwater recharge
Long-term implications for hydroelectricity generation
Increased rate of glacier melting
Potential rise in forest fires and agricultural drought
Impact on local climate stability
Broader socio-economic consequences for the region

Bangladesh’s Holistic Farming Solutions

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Smallholder farmers produce one-third of global food.
Agriculture is crucial for livelihoods in Bangladesh.
Climate crisis severely impacts Bangladesh’s agriculture.
Flooding and salinity intrusion are major challenges.
Holistic support approach needed for farmers.
Bangladesh’s self-sufficiency in food is threatened by climate change.
Floods and cyclones have long-term detrimental effects.
Diverse topography exacerbates climate impacts.
Holistic solutions at scale are essential.
Investment in climate-resilient seeds is crucial.
Encouraging crop diversity is necessary.
NGOs play a key role in community trust and support.
Access to finance is vital for farmers.
Microfinance loans help farmers invest in their livelihoods.
Crop insurance supports farmers against climate shocks.
Up-to-date knowledge and information are essential.
Market linkage ensures farmers can sell new produce.
Challenges for farmers are intensifying with climate change.
Comprehensive support combining state, private, and non-state actors is needed.
Global food security stakes are higher than ever.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the impact of climate change on smallholder farmers in Bangladesh and discuss the holistic approaches being implemented to mitigate these impacts.

Impact of climate change: flooding, salinity intrusion, erosion, dry spells.
Holistic approaches: development of climate-resilient seeds, diversification of crops, access to finance, crop insurance, information dissemination.
Role of NGOs and government: BRAC’s initiatives, agricultural extension services, adaptation clinics.

2. Evaluate the role of microfinance and crop insurance in supporting smallholder farmers in Bangladesh, particularly in the context of climate resilience.

Importance of microfinance: access to capital, customized loans, low default rates.
Role of crop insurance: risk mitigation, pilot programs, farmer adoption rates.
Challenges and benefits: financial stability, investment in new practices, resilience to climate shocks.

3. Discuss the significance of market linkages and information dissemination for smallholder farmers in Bangladesh, with examples of successful initiatives.

Market linkages: sunflower farming, industrial oil producers, increased income.
Information dissemination: adaptation clinics, weather forecasts, market information.
Examples of success: BRAC’s network, government efforts, community engagement.

Climate Change Acceleration Concerns

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

5C warming limit: Technically possible, politically impossible.
2023: Record-breaking global heat, alarming scientists.
Climate change acceleration feared.
Heatwaves, floods, droughts, storms, wildfires intensifying.
El Nino and human-caused climate change major factors.
Deep ocean heat behaving unusually.
Greenhouse gases from fossil fuels primary cause.
2023’s heat started in June, persisted for months.
Debate on whether warming is accelerating or steady.
NOAA: 2023 average temperature 15.08C, 1.35C above pre-industrial.
Paris Agreement 1.5C goal seen as unrealistic.
Political will lacking for effective climate action.
Last decade: Hottest years on record.
Frequent record-breaking heat alarming scientists.
Urgency to cut carbon dioxide emissions emphasized.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of political will in achieving the 1.5C warming limit set by the Paris Agreement.

Definition of political will
Paris Agreement goals
Current political actions and commitments
Barriers to political action
Examples of successful political interventions
Impact of disinformation and lobbying
Role of international cooperation
Conclusion on feasibility

2. Evaluate the impact of natural phenomena like El Nino on global warming trends and their interaction with human-induced climate change.

Definition and mechanism of El Nino
Historical data on El Nino and global temperatures
Interaction between El Nino and anthropogenic factors
Case study: 2023 temperature anomalies
Scientific debates on acceleration of warming
Long-term predictions and models
Policy implications
Conclusion on combined effects

3. Discuss the scientific evidence supporting the acceleration of global warming and its implications for future climate policy.

Definition of global warming acceleration
Recent temperature records and trends
Scientific methods for measuring acceleration
Key studies and findings
Debates within the scientific community
Implications for climate models and predictions
Policy responses and adjustments
Conclusion on future actions

Harnessing Capitalism for Climate Solutions

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Root issue: Corruption of capitalism, not capitalism itself.
Smart policies can harness capitalism to cut carbon pollution.
Cheaper to save the world than destroy it, even from a capitalist view.
Form of capitalism can be a tool for climate solutions.
Success stories of clean technologies and profitable products.
Examples from China, India, US, and Europe.
Challenges in developing countries: corruption, weak governance, high upfront costs.
Importance of scaling solutions in India and China for global impact.
Generational progress linked to fossil fuels and capitalism.
Warning against complacency: reversing progress indicators.
Profiles of influential actors reshaping capitalism for energy transition.
Middle path between anti-capitalism and unfettered markets is practical.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of different forms of capitalism in addressing climate change, with specific reference to India, China, and the US.

Definition and characteristics of capitalism in each country
Policy measures and government interventions
Success stories and challenges in clean technology adoption
Impact on carbon emissions and pollution control
Comparison of effectiveness and scalability

2. Discuss the potential and limitations of renewable energy technologies in emerging economies, considering the financial and infrastructural challenges highlighted in the text.

Current state of renewable energy technologies
Financial barriers and cost of capital
Infrastructural issues and governance
Case studies from Asia, Africa, and South America
Possible solutions and policy recommendations

3. Evaluate the statement It is now cheaper to save the world than destroy itin the context of global climate policies and economic systems.

Economic analysis of clean vs. fossil fuel energy
Role of government subsidies and incentives
Impact on markets and competition
Case studies of successful climate policies
Long-term economic and environmental benefits

Reversing Global Biodiversity Loss

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Ozone layer repair as a model for global unity.
Urgent action needed to reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
Global Biodiversity Framework aims for nature-positive state by 2050.
Effective measurements crucial for managing biodiversity loss.
Deploy existing ‘nature tech’ tools at scale.
Private capital, corporate actions, and consumer behaviors must value nature.
Transition finance to support sustainability objectives.
Government to end harmful subsidies and support funding.
Partnerships essential for diverse stakeholder involvement.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically evaluate the role of multilateralism in addressing global environmental issues, with specific reference to the ozone layer repair and biodiversity loss.

Definition and importance of multilateralism.
Case study: Montreal Protocol and ozone layer repair.
Comparison with current biodiversity loss efforts.
Challenges in achieving multilateral consensus.
Role of international organizations and agreements.
Future prospects and recommendations.

2. Discuss the economic implications of biodiversity loss and the potential role of transition finance in mitigating these impacts.

Economic dependence on biodiversity.
Impact of biodiversity loss on global GDP and industries.
Concept and importance of transition finance.
Examples of transition finance in practice.
Challenges in implementing transition finance for biodiversity.
Policy recommendations and future outlook.

3. Examine the challenges and opportunities in creating effective measurement systems for biodiversity conservation at a global level.

Importance of measurement in biodiversity conservation.
Current gaps in measurement infrastructure.
Technological advancements in ‘nature tech’.
Challenges in data collection and analysis.
Role of private and public sectors in measurement initiatives.
Future strategies for effective measurement systems.

Canada’s Dry Winter Worsens Drought

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Abnormally dry winter in Western Canada.
Warmest December recorded in many cities.
British Columbia’s snowpack 44% below normal.
Follows hottest summer on record due to El Nino.
Concerns of record-breaking wildfire year in 2024.
70% of Canada abnormally dry or in drought by Dec. 31.
Worst drought in southern Alberta, western Saskatchewan, north-central British Columbia.
Less than 40% of usual precipitation in Prairies.
Three years of drought in Alberta affecting cattle and crops.
Regulators urge oil and gas companies to cut water use.
BC Hydro’s reservoirs below normal levels.
Active wildfires in Alberta and British Columbia.
Reduced snowpack prolongs fire season.
Impact on forestry and winter sports industries.
Delayed ski hill openings and lower visitor numbers.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the impact of prolonged drought conditions on the agricultural sector in Western Canada.

Reduced precipitation and its effect on crop yields.
Increased costs for feeding livestock.
Dependence on irrigated water for certain crops.
Reduction in cattle herds and its economic implications.
Long-term sustainability of non-irrigated farms.

2. Evaluate the measures taken by the oil and gas industry in Alberta and British Columbia to manage water shortages due to drought.

Regulatory restrictions on water use.
Shift to larger water sources within the same basin.
Construction of water storage facilities.
Timing of drilling programs with spring snowmelt.
Potential long-term impacts on development plans.

3. Discuss the broader implications of reduced snowpack and prolonged drought on the forestry and hydropower sectors in British Columbia.

Impact on wildfire frequency and intensity.
Challenges in firefighting resource management.
Reduction in harvestable forest areas.
Weakening of trees and increased susceptibility to disease.
Lower water reservoir levels and increased electricity imports.

NASA’s Quiet Supersonic Jet

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

NASA partners with Lockheed Martin Skunk Works for X-59.
X-59 aims to advance commercial supersonic travel.
Top speed: 1.4 times the speed of sound (1,488 km/h).
Design features: thin, tapered nose to deflect shock waves.
Dimensions: 99.7 feet long, 29.5 feet wide.
Cockpit placed halfway down, no forward-facing windows.
Engine on top, smooth underside to minimize sonic booms.
Part of NASA’s Quesst mission to rethink supersonic flight regulations.
Current ban on supersonic flights over land due to loud sonic booms.
Future flight tests over U.S. cities to gather public feedback.
Data to be shared with regulatory authorities.
Real-world validation needed for supersonic flight over land.
Collaborative effort aims to redefine commercial air travel.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the potential impact of NASA’s X-59 aircraft on the future of commercial supersonic travel.

Technological advancements in supersonic travel
Noise reduction and sonic boom mitigation
Regulatory changes and implications
Environmental considerations
Economic benefits and challenges

2. Discuss the significance of public feedback in the context of NASA’s Quesst mission and its implications for regulatory changes in supersonic flight.

Role of public perception in aviation regulations
Methods of collecting and analyzing public feedback
Impact on policy-making and regulatory bodies
Comparison with historical data on sonic booms
Potential for international regulatory harmonization

3. Evaluate the collaborative efforts between NASA and Lockheed Martin Skunk Works in the development of the X-59 and its broader implications for aerospace innovation.

Historical context of NASA and Lockheed Martin collaborations
Technological innovations introduced by the X-59
Impact on future aerospace projects and partnerships
Challenges faced during the development process
Long-term benefits for the aerospace industry

Preparing for Disease X

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Post-Covid-19 focus on Disease X, a hypothetical future pandemic threat.
WHO includes Disease X in high-priority disease awareness.
Term encourages global preparedness for unknown pathogens.
World leaders to discuss Disease X strategies at Davos.
Scientists developing adaptable platform technologies for rapid response.
Oxford researchers modifying Covid-19 vaccine for future threats.
Emphasis on early research and development preparedness.
Focus on international cooperation, governance, and investment.
Establishment of Pandemic Fund and WHO Hub for intelligence.
Potential Disease X likely to be a respiratory virus.
WHO’s R&D blueprint covers many priority zoonotic diseases.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of international cooperation and governance in preparing for potential future pandemics like Disease X.

Importance of international cooperation
Role of WHO and other global entities
Lessons from COVID-19
Coordination and investment strategies
Challenges in global governance

2. Discuss the significance of platform technologies in the rapid development of vaccines and treatments for emerging infectious diseases such as Disease X.

Definition and examples of platform technologies
Adaptability and speed in vaccine development
Case study: COVID-19 vaccine development
Future potential and ongoing research
Challenges and limitations

3. Evaluate the potential socioeconomic impacts of a hypothetical Disease X pandemic and the measures that can be taken to mitigate these impacts.

Comparison with COVID-19 impacts
Economic disruptions and recovery strategies
Healthcare system preparedness
Social and psychological effects
Policy measures and international support

Massive Cosmic Superstructures Discovered

None of Them

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Massive structure discovered in distant space.
Named Big Ring,9.2 billion light-years away.
Measures 1.3 billion light-years across, 4 billion light-years circumference.
Second such structure found by PhD student Alexia Lopez.
First structure, Giant Arc,is 3.3 billion light-years in diameter.
Both structures are close in cosmic terms, 12 degrees apart.
Seen as they were 1.3 billion years ago due to light travel time.
Challenge current understanding of the universe.
Possible explanations: Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs) or cosmic strings.
Research presented at the 243rd American Astronomical Society meeting.
Ongoing research could change cosmological science.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the implications of discovering ultra-large cosmic structures like the Big Ring and the Giant Arc on our current understanding of cosmology.

Challenges to the Standard Model of Cosmology
Potential need for new theories or modifications to existing ones
Impact on understanding of cosmic evolution and structure formation
Role of Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations and cosmic strings
Implications for the study of dark matter and dark energy

2. Discuss the significance of Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs) and cosmic strings in explaining large-scale structures in the universe.

Definition and origin of Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations
Role of BAOs in the distribution of galaxies
Concept of cosmic strings and their theoretical basis
Potential observational evidence for cosmic strings
Limitations and challenges in using BAOs and cosmic strings to explain structures like the Big Ring

3. Evaluate the potential impact of new astronomical discoveries on the future direction of cosmological research.

Shift in research focus towards understanding ultra-large structures
Development of new observational techniques and instruments
Interdisciplinary collaboration between cosmology, particle physics, and other fields
Reevaluation of existing cosmological models and theories
Implications for our understanding of the universe’s origin, evolution, and ultimate fate

Punganur Cows

None of Them

Facts for Pre & Mains:

PM Modi fed Punganur cows on Pongal/Makar Sankranti.
Punganur breed is native to Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh.
Smallest humped cattle, easy to keep at home.
Colors: white, grey, light/dark brown; small crescent-shaped horns.
Numbers increased from 2,828 (2012) to 13,275 (2019).
Largest populations in Andhra Pradesh, followed by Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu.
Conservation efforts by Centre and Andhra Pradesh government.
Financial support and establishment of Gokul Gram and NKBC.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the significance of indigenous cattle breeds like Punganur in the context of India’s agricultural and cultural heritage.

Role in traditional farming practices
Adaptability to local climatic conditions
Contribution to biodiversity
Cultural and religious significance
Economic benefits for small farmers
Conservation efforts and challenges

2. Discuss the impact of government initiatives on the conservation and promotion of the Punganur breed of cattle.

Financial support from Andhra Pradesh government
Establishment of Gokul Gram at P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University
Role of National Kamdhenu Breeding Centre (NKBC)
Increase in Punganur cattle population as per livestock census
Challenges in implementation and sustainability
Future prospects and recommendations

3. Evaluate the role of livestock census data in shaping policies for the conservation of indigenous cattle breeds in India.

Importance of accurate data collection
Trends observed in livestock population over the years
Impact on policy formulation and resource allocation
Case study: Punganur breed population changes from 2012 to 2019
Role of data in monitoring conservation efforts
Limitations and areas for improvement in livestock census

« Previous Post Category: UPSC Next Post »

UPSC Current Affairs – January 20-22, 2024

UPSC Current Affairs – January 19, 2024

UPSC Current Affairs – January 18, 2024

UPSC Current Affairs – January 16-17, 2024

UPSC Current Affairs – January 13, 2024

UPSC Current Affairs – January 12, 2024