UPSC Current Affairs – January 13, 2024

January 13, 2024 July 22, 2024

Winter Festivals Significance

GS-1-Indian Culture

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Makar Sankranti, Pongal, and other regional festivals mark the transition from winter to warmer months, celebrated on January 14 or 15.
These festivals follow the solar cycle, with the sun beginning its northward journey, entering the Capricorn zodiac sign.
Celebrations include rituals like bathing in sacred rivers, offering food to the deity, and performing charitable acts.
Regional variations include community events, house cleaning, and decorating, with specific foods prepared like Pongal and sesame sweets.
Festivities also involve honoring livestock, kite flying, and lighting bonfires, symbolizing community bonding and cultural heritage.

Key Festivals coinciding with Makar Sankranti:

Pongal: Tamil harvest festival, lasting four days, with the first day called Bhogi.
Uttarayan: Gujarati kite-flying festival, coinciding with Makar Sankranti.
Lohri: Punjabi winter solstice festival a day before Makar Sankranti, celebrating the harvest.
Magh Bihu: Assamese festival, marking the end of the harvest season with feasting.
Suggi Habba: Kannada harvest festival, celebrated prominently in Karnataka.
Kicheri: Similar to Makar Sankranti, celebrated in parts of North India, especially Uttar Pradesh.
Poush Sankranti: Bengal’s harvest festival, celebrated with sweets made from newly harvested rice.
Tila Sankranti: Nepal’s version of Makar Sankranti, involves ritualistic bathing and sesame treats.
Bhogali Bihu: Another name for Magh Bihu in Assam, focusing on community feasts called Uruka.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the role of agricultural practices and their cultural significance reflected in the festivals of Makar Sankranti and Pongal.

Connection between agricultural cycles and festival timings.
Significance of rituals like cattle worship and offerings to deities for a good harvest.
Impact of these practices on community bonding and cultural preservation.

Critically discuss the influence of astronomical events on traditional festivals in India, with specific reference to Makar Sankranti.

Explanation of the solar cycle’s influence on the festival’s date.
Impact of the sun’s northward journey on cultural and religious practices.
Comparison with other festivals that are influenced by lunar cycles.

Evaluate the socio-economic impacts of festivals like Makar Sankranti and Pongal on the local communities.

Boost to local economy through sale of festival-related goods and services.
Role of festivals in preserving traditional crafts and culinary practices.
Enhancement of social cohesion through communal activities and rituals.

Shiv Sena Faction Verdict

GS-2-Indian Constitution & Polity

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Speaker declared the Shinde-led Shiv Sena as the original party, complicating the issue of party legitimacy.
Despite the Speaker’s recognition of the Shinde faction, the Election Commission recognized both factions as separate parties with different symbols.
Political disputes and legal challenges have arisen, questioning the application of the Shinde faction’s whip to the Thackeray faction.
Internal and public debates continue over the constitutionality and legitimacy of the Speaker’s decision and the Election Commission’s rulings.
The situation has highlighted potential loopholes in anti-defection laws and raised concerns about political manipulation.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of the Election Commission in resolving disputes related to party symbols and titles within political parties, using the case of Shiv Sena factions as an example.

Understanding the constitutional mandate of the Election Commission in party disputes.
Analysis of the Election Commission’s decision-making process in awarding symbols and titles.
Impact of such decisions on the political landscape and internal party dynamics.
Comparison with similar cases in the past to evaluate consistency and fairness.

2. Discuss the implications of the Speaker’s decision on the legislative functioning of the Shiv Sena factions in the Maharashtra Assembly.

Explanation of the Speaker’s authority and role in legislative assemblies.
Impact of the Speaker’s decision on the whip and its enforcement within the Shiv Sena factions.
Potential challenges in legislative procedures due to conflicting claims within a split party.
Broader consequences for party discipline and legislative governance.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of anti-defection laws in India in light of recent political developments in Maharashtra involving the Shiv Sena factions.

Overview of the anti-defection laws and their intended purpose.
Analysis of the laws’ application and enforcement in the Shiv Sena case.
Discussion on the loopholes and challenges highlighted by the case.
Recommendations for strengthening anti-defection measures based on lessons learned.

Israel-Hamas Conflict Origins

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Israel and Hamas conflict escalated due to a Hamas attack in southern Israel on Oct. 7, leading to significant casualties and hostages.
The conflict’s roots trace back to post-WWII territorial divisions by the UN, leading to the establishment of Israel and subsequent Arab-Israeli wars.
Major conflicts include the Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War, with territories like Gaza and the West Bank changing control.
Peace efforts have seen intermittent success, including treaties with Egypt and Jordan and the Oslo Accords, but major issues remain unresolved.
Current peace negotiations are stalled, with significant disagreements on key issues like the status of Jerusalem and Palestinian statehood.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the role of international mediators in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly focusing on recent efforts by the United States and regional actors.

Historical context of international mediation in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Analysis of the effectiveness of the Abraham Accords and their impact on Palestinian state aspirations.
Role of the United States in attempting to broker peace, including the shift in U.S. policy under different administrations.
Contributions and positions of regional actors like Egypt, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia in mediating recent conflicts and negotiations.
Challenges faced by international mediators in balancing diplomatic relations and addressing the core issues of the conflict.

Critically evaluate the impact of the recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital by the U.S. on the peace process between Israel and Palestine.

Overview of the status of Jerusalem before U.S. recognition and why it is a contentious issue.
Immediate reactions from Palestinian authorities, Israeli government, and international community to the U.S. decision.
Impact of the U.S. decision on peace negotiations and any subsequent violence or diplomatic fallout.
Long-term implications for the two-state solution and regional stability.
Analysis of the role of international law and resolutions regarding Jerusalem.

Discuss the challenges and prospects of achieving a two-state solution in the context of ongoing Israeli settlement expansion and political dynamics within Israel and Palestine.

Definition and intended outcome of the two-state solution.
Impact of Israeli settlements on the feasibility of a contiguous Palestinian state.
Political dynamics in Israel, including government positions on settlements and security.
Internal Palestinian political issues, including the split between the Palestinian Authority and Hamas.
Role of international pressure and support in influencing both Israeli and Palestinian positions towards a two-state solution.

Lai Wins Taiwan Election

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

William Lai from the Democratic Progressive Party won Taiwan’s presidential election.
Lai, the current vice president, received about 40% of the vote, competing against candidates from KMT and Taiwan People’s Party.
Post-victory, Lai emphasized his role in maintaining peace and protecting Taiwan from China’s threats.
Lai grew up in a poor family in a coal-mining village and was raised by his mother after his father’s death in a mine disaster.
Transitioning from a medical career, Lai entered politics post-martial law, serving as lawmaker, mayor of Tainan, and Taiwan’s premier.
China views Lai as a separatist due to his past advocacy for Taiwan’s independence, heightening cross-strait tensions.
Lai’s presidency faces challenges in safeguarding Taiwan from China’s claims and military threats, aiming to maintain the status quo and strengthen international relations.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the implications of William Lai’s election as Taiwan’s president on cross-strait relations with China.

Background of William Lai’s political stance as a pragmatic worker for Taiwan independence.
China’s perception of Lai as a separatist and the potential risks this poses to diplomatic relations.
Possible escalation of military and diplomatic tensions between Taiwan and China.
The role of international actors, particularly the United States, in the Taiwan Strait’s stability.

Critically evaluate the role of Taiwan’s domestic politics in shaping its foreign policy, especially in relation to China.

Impact of Taiwan’s internal political dynamics, including the influence of parties like the DPP and KMT on foreign policy.
Analysis of how electoral outcomes influence Taiwan’s stance on China.
Discussion on the balance between domestic public opinion and external diplomatic pressures.
Examination of policy continuity and changes with new leadership, particularly under William Lai.

Discuss the strategic importance of Taiwan in the broader context of U.S.-China relations.

Overview of Taiwan’s geopolitical significance in the Asia-Pacific region.
Analysis of U.S. foreign policy towards Taiwan and China, including arms sales and diplomatic support.
Impact of Taiwan’s security and economic policies on U.S.-China dynamics.
Potential scenarios for conflict or cooperation involving Taiwan, the U.S., and China.

Israel’s Self-Défense Claim

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Israel’s defense claims actions in Gaza were self-defense against Hamas’s October 7 attack.
Israel argues South Africa’s portrayal is distorted, ignoring Hamas’s massacre.
Israel emphasizes no desire to occupy Gaza but aims for a better future for both Israelis and Palestinians.
Israel contends any breaches of conflict rules are handled by its robust legal system.
Israel accuses South Africa of having close ties with Hamas, influencing its legal stance.
Israel denies any pre-existing disputes with South Africa, suggesting the case is one-sided.
Israel attributes high civilian casualties in Gaza to Hamas embedding in civilian areas.
Israel has provided humanitarian aid to Gaza, including medical assistance and supplies.
Israel argues against provisional measures, claiming they would hinder its security efforts against ongoing threats from Hamas.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of the International Court of Justice in resolving disputes under the Genocide Convention, using the case of South Africa vs. Israel as a reference.

Understanding the jurisdiction and powers of the ICJ in genocide cases.
Analysis of the ICJ’s procedures and effectiveness in handling allegations of genocide.
Impact of geopolitical influences on the decisions of the ICJ.
Assessment of the ICJ’s role in promoting international peace and justice.

2. Evaluate the legal and moral grounds of invoking self-defense in international conflicts, with reference to Israel’s defense against accusations in the ICJ.

Definition and conditions under international law for the invocation of self-defense.
Examination of Israel’s claims of self-defense in response to attacks by Hamas.
Discussion on the proportionality and necessity of Israel’s actions in Gaza.
Implications of self-defense claims on international humanitarian law and civilian protection.

3. Discuss the implications of close political affiliations between state actors and non-state actors in international law, referencing South Africa’s alleged relations with Hamas in the ICJ case.

Overview of the legal status of non-state actors in international law.
Analysis of how state relationships with non-state actors can impact international legal proceedings.
Examination of the consequences of such affiliations on bilateral and multilateral diplomatic relations.
Assessment of the role of international law in regulating state and non-state actor interactions.

Tax Collection Surpassing Targets

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

With nearly 81% of its direct tax target met, the government’s collections are 19.4% higher than the previous year.
Projected to exceed the budget estimate by about ₹1 lakh crore, ending the year with an 18% growth in direct tax collections.
Increased revenues from both Goods and Services Tax and non-tax sources, including a significant central bank dividend, are likely to surpass budget expectations.
Corporate taxes grew by 12.4%, while personal income taxes increased by 27.3%, indicating a continuing trend in revenue sources.
The record number of income-tax returns filed suggests a broadening tax base, aiding fiscal consolidation despite potential slight miss in deficit target.
Potential for further tax reforms to simplify the system for both corporations and individuals, including reducing multiple withholding tax rates and adjusting TDS/TCS rates.
Introduction of a new personal income tax regime with lower rates and less paperwork is gaining popularity.
Consideration for mechanisms that encourage financially beneficial life choices, such as retirement savings and health insurance, alongside reevaluating the GST on health insurance.
No major changes expected in the upcoming Interim Budget 2024-25, but continued revenue growth provides room for future reforms.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the impact of the current trends in direct and indirect tax collections on India’s fiscal consolidation goals.

Review the increase in direct tax collections and its contribution to achieving fiscal targets.
Analyze the role of GST inflows in supporting or straining the fiscal balance.
Discuss the potential risks and benefits of relying on non-tax revenues like dividends from the central bank.
Evaluate the implications of not meeting the deficit target on long-term economic stability.

2. Discuss the potential reforms in the taxation system that could simplify the process for corporates and individuals, as suggested by recent government trends.

Examine the current complexities in the multiple withholding tax rates and propose how simplification could reduce disputes.
Analyze the impact of reducing TDS and TCS rates on tax compliance and revenue collection.
Assess the effectiveness of the new personal income tax regime in increasing compliance and simplifying the tax filing process.
Propose additional reforms that could further ease the tax burden on individuals and corporations while maintaining or increasing revenue.

3. Evaluate the implications of high GST rates on health insurance and discuss alternative fiscal policies that could prevent financial distress among lower- and middle-income households.

Analyze the burden of the 18% GST on health insurance on different income groups.
Discuss the potential social and economic impacts of high healthcare costs on vulnerable populations.
Propose alternative tax structures or subsidies that could alleviate the financial load without compromising tax revenues.
Examine the role of fiscal policy in promoting public health and financial security through insurance schemes.

Himalayan Wolf Now Vulnerable

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Himalayan Wolf is now listed as ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List.
Population estimates range between 2,275 and 3,792 mature individuals, with all located in a single subpopulation across the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau.
Continuous population decline is suspected due to threats and lack of conservation efforts.
In India, the population is estimated between 227 and 378 mature individuals, primarily in Ladakh and Spiti Valley.
Threats include habitat loss, livestock depredation conflicts, hybridization with dogs, and illegal hunting for trade.
Conservation measures suggested include securing wildlife habitats, improving livestock management, managing feral dog populations, and trans-boundary conservation efforts.
Integrating the Himalayan Wolf into conservation programs could help in gaining public support and reducing persecution.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the impact of habitat modification and encroachment on the Himalayan wolf population in the context of conservation challenges.

Definition and extent of habitat modification and encroachment in the Himalayan region.
Impact on the availability of natural prey for the Himalayan wolves.
Effects on the genetic diversity and health of the wolf population due to reduced habitat.
Analysis of conservation efforts and their adequacy in addressing habitat issues.

2. Discuss the role of international cooperation in the conservation of trans-boundary species like the Himalayan wolf, with reference to existing policies and agreements.

Identification of trans-boundary regions where the Himalayan wolf is found.
Overview of existing international wildlife conservation policies and agreements relevant to these regions.
Challenges and successes in implementing these policies for the Himalayan wolf conservation.
Recommendations for enhancing international cooperation.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of current measures to manage the conflict between livestock and Himalayan wolves, and suggest improvements.

Current measures in place for managing livestock-wolf conflicts, including physical and non-physical methods.
Effectiveness of these measures in reducing conflicts and protecting wolf populations.
Impact of these conflict management strategies on local communities and their livelihoods.
Proposals for innovative and sustainable conflict management strategies.

Kerala Curbing Antibiotic Misuse

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Kerala Drug Control Department initiated Operation Amrith in January 2024 to combat antibiotic overuse.
Operation Amrith enforces regulations against over-the-counter sales of antibiotics, requiring prescriptions for purchases.
Pharmacies must display notices that antibiotics will not be sold without a prescription and maintain accurate sales records.
Public participation is encouraged, allowing individuals to report non-compliant pharmacies to the Drug Control Department.
Surprise raids are conducted on retail medical shops to ensure compliance, with a toll-free number provided for reporting violations.
The initiative is part of a broader effort under the Kerala Anti-Microbial Resistance Strategic Action Plan (KARSAP) to address human, animal, and environmental aspects of AMR.
Kerala has established various AMR-related initiatives, including surveillance networks and environmental labs to monitor and control AMR.
The state also promotes proper disposal of unused antibiotics through the Programme on Removal of Unused Drugs (PROUD).

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of public participation in the success of Operation Amrith in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Kerala.

Public reporting of non-compliance enhances surveillance and enforcement.
Increases community awareness and education on AMR.
Strengthens accountability and transparency of pharmaceutical retailers.

2. Discuss the multi-sectoral approach adopted by the Kerala Anti-Microbial Resistance Strategic Action Plan (KARSAP) and its significance in addressing the AMR challenge.

Inclusion of human, animal, and environmental health sectors for a comprehensive strategy.
Coordination between different governmental and non-governmental stakeholders to synergize efforts.
Enhances effectiveness in surveillance and management of AMR across different sectors.

3. Evaluate the potential impact of strict regulatory measures on over-the-counter sales of antibiotics on the overall healthcare system in Kerala.

Reduction in inappropriate use of antibiotics and resistance development.
Improvement in patient safety and public health outcomes.
Potential challenges in access to necessary medications for underprivileged sections without prescriptions.

GM Mustard Litigation

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Supreme Court resumed hearings on GM mustard on January 9, 2024, with a new bench after initial hearings by a retired justice.
Petitioners, including activists and NGOs, challenged the government’s approval of GM mustard’s commercial cultivation, citing irreversible environmental impacts.
The government had approved the cultivation of HT Mustard DMH-11, India’s first GM food crop, in October 2022, but the Supreme Court halted further development in November 2022.
Advocate Prashant Bhushan argued against GM mustard, highlighting risks and inadequate regulatory measures, referencing reports and recommendations from expert committees advocating against such crops in India.
Concerns were raised about the herbicide tolerance of DMH-11, potential health risks from herbicide usage, and gaps in safety data.
Legal arguments pointed out procedural flaws in the approval process by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) and the absence of health experts in critical meetings.
The Attorney General defended the approval process, emphasizing the biosafety measures in place and the broader adoption of GM crops globally, while the court questioned the scientific and ideological basis of the decisions made.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) in the regulation of GM crops in India, considering the concerns raised about its functioning and expertise.

Assess the statutory mandate of GEAC under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
Discuss the composition and functioning of GEAC and its sub-committees.
Evaluate the criticisms regarding the absence of health experts in meetings and the implications for biosafety.
Analyze the transparency and accessibility of biosafety data and GEAC decisions to the public.

2. Discuss the implications of introducing herbicide-tolerant GM mustard in India, focusing on environmental, health, and agricultural aspects.

Explain the concept of herbicide tolerance in crops and its intended benefits.
Analyze potential environmental impacts, including effects on biodiversity and non-target species.
Assess health concerns related to the use of herbicides and their residues in food products.
Consider the socio-economic impacts on farmers, including issues related to crop management and market dynamics.

3. Evaluate the arguments presented by both proponents and opponents of GM mustard cultivation in India, considering the scientific, legal, and ethical dimensions.

Summarize the key scientific arguments for and against GM mustard, including genetic diversity and biosafety concerns.
Analyze the legal frameworks governing GM crops in India and their adequacy in addressing current challenges.
Discuss ethical considerations, focusing on consumer rights, informed consent, and the precautionary principle.
Consider the role of public opinion and activism in shaping policy decisions on GM crops.

India’s Coal Dependency

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

India heavily relies on coal for energy, with significant reserves to last over a century.
Despite large reserves, Indian coal is of lower quality, prompting efforts for cleaner usage.
Government plans include coal gasification and underground mining to reduce emissions.
Coal demand is rising due to power needs, with imports decreasing as domestic production increases.
India aims to reduce emissions intensity and increase non-fossil power capacity under global commitments.
Coal gasification is promoted through incentives and could help meet cleaner energy goals despite challenges.
Renewable energy will grow, but coal will remain essential for India’s energy for the foreseeable future.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of coal gasification in achieving India’s climate goals under the Paris Agreement.

Definition of coal gasification and its importance in reducing carbon emissions.
Overview of India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement.
Potential of coal gasification to meet these commitments.
Challenges associated with coal gasification in India, including coal quality and technology adaptation.
Comparison with other renewable energy sources and their potential roles.

2. Discuss the implications of India’s heavy reliance on coal for its energy security and economic growth.

Current energy needs and the role of coal in fulfilling these needs.
Economic benefits of using domestic coal reserves for energy production.
Environmental and health impacts of continued coal usage.
Strategies for balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability.
Role of technology and policy in reducing the negative impacts of coal usage.

3. Evaluate the potential impact of India’s Vision 2047 blueprint on its coal sector and overall energy landscape.

Key components of the Vision 2047 blueprint related to coal usage.
Projected changes in coal consumption patterns due to these policies.
Impact on domestic coal production and imports.
Interplay between coal policies and renewable energy initiatives.
Long-term implications for India’s energy security and environmental commitments.

Cabo Verde Malaria-Free

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Cabo Verde certified as malaria-free by WHO, joining Mauritius and Algeria in the African region.
Africa has the highest global malaria burden, with 95% of cases and 96% of deaths in 2021.
Certification marks a significant global health achievement, announced on January 12, 2023.
WHO has certified 43 countries and 1 territory as malaria-free globally.
Certification requires evidence of no indigenous malaria transmission for at least three years and capacity to prevent re-establishment.
Cabo Verde, an island nation, faced severe malaria challenges historically, with outbreaks before targeted interventions.
The country eliminated malaria twice through insecticide spraying but faced reemergence due to vector control failures.
Since the late 1980s, malaria was limited to Santiago and Boa Vista islands, with both islands malaria-free since 2017.
Zero indigenous cases recorded for three consecutive years by 2017, leading to certification.
The certification enhances Cabo Verde’s international image, benefiting tourism and health system recognition.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of international organizations like WHO in assisting countries to achieve malaria-free status, using the example of Cabo Verde.

WHO provides technical and strategic guidance to combat malaria.
Supports countries in implementing effective malaria control programs.
Offers certification which can boost a country’s international image and tourism.
Assists in mobilizing resources and fostering global partnerships.
Ensures rigorous evidence-based assessment before granting malaria-free status.

2. Discuss the impact of achieving malaria-free status on a country’s economic and health sectors, with reference to Cabo Verde.

Improvement in public health reduces healthcare costs and burden.
Enhances the country’s attractiveness as a safe tourist destination.
Boosts investor confidence and can lead to economic growth.
Improves life expectancy and quality of life for the population.
Strengthens the health infrastructure and capabilities.

3. Evaluate the challenges and strategies involved in maintaining a malaria-free status in island nations like Cabo Verde.

Geographical isolation can both aid and challenge disease control.
Importance of continuous surveillance to prevent re-establishment of malaria.
Need for sustained political commitment and funding.
Challenges of dealing with imported cases of malaria.
Strategies like targeted insecticide spraying and public health education.

Climate Change Shrinks Snowpacks

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Raja Muzaffar Bhat captured a photo of the Pir Panjal Range, showing snow-less peaks, indicative of reduced snow cover.
A Dartmouth College study published in Nature reports a significant shrinkage in northern hemisphere snowpacks over 40 years due to climate change.
The study analyzed 169 river basins, finding snow decline in 82, with 31 directly linked to global warming from human activities.
Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) measurements, which assess water content in snow, are complex and influenced by temperature and storm types.
The relationship between snowpacks and global warming is non-linear, with snow becoming more sensitive to temperature increases beyond -8°C.
Europe, experiencing significant warming, shows a 10-20% decrease in SWE per decade from 1981 to 2020, exacerbating concerns about future snow availability.
The Hindu Kush Himalayan region, crucial for replenishing glaciers, also shows a decrease in SWE, compounded by fewer intense weather disturbances.
This decline in snowpack threatens water and food security for millions, as these glaciers feed major rivers like the Indus and Ganga.
Increased ground observations are necessary to improve snowpack models and projections, crucial for regions dependent on glacial rivers.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the impact of climate change on the snowpack levels in the Himalayan region and its implications for water security in South Asia.

Reduction in snowpack due to rising temperatures.
Decrease in water availability for rivers like Indus and Ganga.
Impact on agriculture, hydroelectric power, and drinking water supply.
Potential for increased water scarcity and conflicts over water resources.

Critically evaluate the role of satellite imagery and ground-level observations in understanding the changes in snowpack and their accuracy.

Importance of satellite imagery for large-scale monitoring.
Limits of satellite data due to resolution and calibration issues.
Role of ground-level observations for detailed and local data.
Challenges in data collection in remote and harsh environments.

Discuss the potential policy measures that could be adopted by South Asian countries to mitigate the effects of declining snowpacks on regional water security.

Enhancement of water conservation and management practices.
Investment in infrastructure to improve water storage and distribution.
Regional cooperation on transboundary water management.
Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices to reduce water usage.

NCAP Pollution Targets Missed

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) aimed to reduce particulate pollution by 20-30% by 2024, later increased to 40% by 2026.
Most major cities are behind the 2024 pollution reduction targets despite significant funding.
Non-attainment cities, failing to meet air quality standards over five years, received substantial funds but showed mixed results.
Research indicates that out of 46 cities monitored, only 8 met the initial reduction targets, with 22 cities experiencing worsening pollution levels.
Experts suggest that while there has been progress in air quality management and awareness, more technological integration and prioritization of clean air in planning are needed.
Performance varies significantly among cities, with some showing improvements in PM10 and PM2.5 levels, while others, especially industrial and metro cities, lag behind.
Effective management and equitable funding distribution are crucial for meeting future targets and addressing pollution in all affected areas, not just selected cities.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the effectiveness of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in achieving its pollution reduction targets in non-attainment cities.

Assess the initial goals of NCAP and the revised targets for 2024 and 2026.
Analyze the disparity in pollution reduction achievements among different cities.
Discuss the role of funding and resource allocation in influencing these outcomes.
Evaluate the impact of local factors such as industrial activities and urban planning on the effectiveness of NCAP.

2. Discuss the challenges and prospects of integrating technological solutions in air quality management under the NCAP framework.

Identify the current technological measures employed in monitoring and reducing air pollution.
Analyze the limitations of existing technologies in comprehensively addressing air quality issues.
Propose potential technological innovations that could enhance air pollution control.
Assess the feasibility and impact of these technologies in the context of Indian cities.

3. Evaluate the role of public awareness and community participation in the success of air pollution control initiatives like NCAP.

Examine the current level of public awareness regarding air pollution and NCAP.
Analyze the impact of community involvement on local air quality management.
Discuss strategies to enhance public participation and awareness.
Assess how increased community engagement can lead to better implementation of pollution control measures.

Youth Inclusion in Decision-Making

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Young people are often excluded from decision-making processes affecting their future.
Despite making up half the global population, young people under 30 hold only 2.6% of parliamentary seats worldwide.
The lack of youth involvement leads to mistrust and skepticism about future prospects.
Young activists and innovators are advocating for more inclusive governance and better representation at forums like Davos 2024.
Addressing major global challenges like climate change and biodiversity requires urgent action and youth engagement.
Technological advancements and digital literacy are crucial for empowering young people and ensuring equitable access to information.
Economic challenges, exacerbated by global crises, disproportionately affect young people, highlighting the need for job opportunities and continuous learning.
Intergenerational trust can be rebuilt through inclusive policies and by integrating young people into decision-making processes.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the role of youth representation in parliaments globally and its impact on policy-making, especially in the context of climate change and biodiversity conservation.

Highlight the current global statistics of youth representation in parliaments.
Analyze how increased youth participation could influence environmental policies.
Discuss examples where young leaders have successfully influenced policy changes.
Assess the potential long-term benefits of enhanced youth representation in governance.

Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international forums like the World Economic Forum in empowering young changemakers to address global challenges.

Describe the platform provided by forums such as the World Economic Forum for youth.
Analyze the tangible impacts of initiatives led by young innovators from past forums.
Critique the sustainability and scalability of the solutions proposed by young leaders.
Discuss the role of such forums in shaping global policy and public opinion.

Discuss the implications of the digital divide on youth engagement in democratic processes and how emerging technologies can be leveraged to enhance participation.

Define the digital divide and its impact on youth engagement in different regions.
Analyze how digital tools have been used to increase youth participation in politics and governance.
Examine the potential risks and challenges associated with digital engagement platforms.
Propose strategies to ensure equitable access and effective use of technology in civic participation.

Green Transition Challenges

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The green transition and AI advancements are reshaping the future of work.
Many companies lack the talent to implement their ESG plans effectively.
Reskilling and upskilling are crucial to adapt the workforce for emerging green jobs.
New job opportunities in green sectors are expected, but there is also fear of job loss in traditional sectors.
Targeted reskilling initiatives can help workers transition and find their place in a greener, more digital world.
Strong leadership and clear strategies are needed to guide workers through these transitions.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of corporate leadership in bridging the skills gap for a successful green transition.

Understanding the urgency of reskilling for green jobs.
Corporate responsibility in investing in training programs.
Strategic partnerships with educational and training institutions.
Monitoring and adapting to the effectiveness of reskilling efforts.

2. Discuss the potential impacts of AI advancements on the workforce in the context of the green transition.

AI’s role in optimizing energy use and reducing emissions.
Job displacement due to automation and the need for reskilling.
Creation of new job categories within the green technology sector.
Enhancing worker productivity and safety through AI applications.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of targeted reskilling initiatives in preparing the workforce for the demands of a green economy.

Assessment of current reskilling programs against industry needs.
Accessibility and inclusivity of training initiatives.
Impact on employment rates in green sectors post-training.
Feedback mechanisms and continuous improvement of training programs.

Challenges in Captive Breeding

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling has successfully bred 77 snow leopards since the 1980s.
Breeding big cats like snow leopards in captivity is challenging due to their temperament, physiology, and genetic issues.
Historically, captive breeding of snow leopards improved significantly after the 1950s, with most zoo-held snow leopards being captive-bred by 1991.
Other big cats have also been bred in captivity, but with mixed success and sometimes fatal outcomes, such as with clouded leopards and tigers.
Stress reduction and specific care practices improve breeding success in species like clouded leopards.
Genetic bottlenecks and induced ovulation present additional breeding challenges for big cats.
Artificial insemination techniques vary in effectiveness across different big cat species.
Cheetahs have unique social and breeding behaviors that complicate captive breeding efforts.
Special techniques like lover’s lane are used to facilitate natural mating behaviors in captive cheetahs.
Despite efforts, cheetahs have low conception rates and high cub mortality in captivity.
The global captive population of snow leopards acts as a conservation buffer for the species, which numbers between 4000 to 7000 in the wild.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the role of genetic diversity in the breeding success of captive big cats, using examples from the text.

Genetic diversity is crucial for reproductive health and viability of offspring.
Low genetic variation in cheetahs leads to poor sperm quality and high rates of embryo mortality.
Contrast with snow leopards, where successful captive breeding programs have helped maintain a healthier genetic pool.

Critically discuss the ethical implications of captive breeding programs for big cats, with reference to the challenges highlighted in the text.

Address the necessity of captive breeding in conservation versus the welfare of the animals involved.
Discuss specific issues such as induced ovulation, high mortality rates, and the physical and psychological stress on animals.
Evaluate the impact of banning practices like captive lion breeding in South Africa on the overall well-being of the species.

Evaluate the effectiveness of alternative reproductive technologies in conservation efforts, as evidenced by the experiences of different zoos with big cats.

Discuss the role of artificial insemination and its limitations due to the need for anaesthesia and lack of natural muscle contractions.
Examine the use of laparoscopic AI in tigers and jaguars and why it has not been as successful in cheetahs.
Consider the broader implications of these technologies on genetic diversity and long-term sustainability of captive populations.

Army’s Secure Mobile System

GS-3-Internal & External Security

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Indian Army has developed its own mobile operating system for secure communication on 5G-enabled phones.
A total of 35,000 handsets will be configured for an end-to-end secure mobile ecosystem, with 2,500 already deployed.
This system aims to protect against eavesdropping and other security risks associated with mobile communications.
The secure ecosystem is network agnostic, leveraging indigenous public cellular networks with multi-tier encryption.
The initiative, named ‘Secure Army Mobile Bharat Version’ (SAMBHAV), uses dual-use infrastructure and is designed for use by officers across all seven commands.
The phones feature an indigenous operating system developed in collaboration with academic and industry centers of excellence, including IIT-Madras.
The ecosystem supports 5G and uses multi-layered encryption to ensure secure communication over commercial networks.
The encrypted phones are designed to be used on the move, augmenting the existing landline-based Army Static Switched Communication Network (ASCON) IV.
Previously, the Army experimented with CDMA technology for secure mobile communication, but it was not successful.
The new secure mobile phones are necessary for safe communication containing sensitive information, as regular mobile phones are prone to hacking.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the strategic implications of the Indian Army developing its own encrypted mobile operating system for secure communications.

Enhancement of national security by reducing dependency on foreign technology.
Improved confidentiality and integrity in military communications, crucial during operations.
Potential for faster and more reliable communication within the Army.
Strengthening of indigenous technological capabilities and encouragement of self-reliance in defense technology.

Critically evaluate the role of indigenous technology in enhancing the operational capabilities of the Indian Army.

Reduction in procurement costs and external dependencies.
Boost to local industries and research institutions like IITs through collaborations.
Potential challenges in maintaining and upgrading technology without external help.
Comparison with global standards to ensure competitiveness and effectiveness.

Discuss the potential challenges and security risks associated with the deployment of 5G technology in military communications.

Security vulnerabilities inherent in 5G technology, such as increased attack surfaces.
Technical challenges in integrating 5G with existing military communication systems.
Risks of espionage if the technology is compromised.
Need for continuous updating and patching to address new security threats.

IMD’s 150th Anniversary

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Two devastating cyclones in 1864 led to over 100,000 deaths in India, highlighting the need for better weather monitoring.
The severe impact of these cyclones and subsequent events like droughts and famines prompted the establishment of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in 1875.
Initially, IMD was a small setup led by HF Blanford, focusing on systematic weather study and forecasting.
Over the years, IMD expanded significantly, now operating numerous observatories and providing a wide range of weather-related services across various sectors.
IMD’s role has evolved to include climate change research and improving regional weather forecasting accuracy.
Significant advancements have been made in cyclone prediction, reducing the death toll from such events dramatically.
IMD now plays a crucial role globally, contributing to international weather monitoring and early warning systems.
Despite advancements, challenges remain in predicting small-scale severe weather events due to climate change.
Future goals include enhancing observational networks and fostering greater collaboration with various institutions.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the role of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in enhancing disaster preparedness and response in India, particularly in the context of cyclones and monsoons.

Historical context of IMD’s establishment following severe cyclones and famines in the 19th century.
IMD’s evolution in technology and infrastructure for better forecasting and early warning systems.
Impact of accurate weather forecasting on disaster management, reduction in casualties, and economic losses.
IMD’s collaboration with other national and international agencies to improve disaster response.
Future challenges and opportunities for IMD in the face of climate change and increasing weather-related disasters.

Critically evaluate the contributions of the India Meteorological Department towards agricultural planning and management in India.

Role of IMD in providing weather forecasts and advisories to the agricultural sector.
Impact of timely and accurate weather information on crop planning, irrigation management, and harvesting.
IMD’s role in mitigating the effects of droughts and floods through early warnings.
Challenges faced by IMD in reaching remote and rural farmers with crucial weather information.
Assessment of IMD’s initiatives in integrating modern technologies like GIS and remote sensing to enhance its services for agriculture.

Discuss the significance of IMD’s international collaborations and its role as a Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in enhancing regional weather services.

Overview of IMD’s designation as a Regional Climate Centre and its responsibilities.
Analysis of IMD’s contributions to regional weather forecasting and climate monitoring.
IMD’s role in issuing seasonal climate outlooks and monsoon forecasts for South Asia.
Benefits of international collaborations in sharing knowledge, data, and best practices in meteorology.
Challenges in maintaining regional cooperation and the impact of geopolitical factors on collaborative meteorological services.

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