UPSC Current Affairs – January 11, 2024

January 11, 2024 July 21, 2024

Global Passport Rankings

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Henley Passport Index 2024 ranks global passports based on visa-free access.
Top rank shared by France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, and Singapore with access to 194 destinations.
India ranks 80th, improving from 84th, with visa-free access to 62 destinations.
Lowest rankings include Afghanistan at 104th with access to only 28 destinations.
Other significant rankings: USA and Canada at 7th, UK at 4th, UAE at 11th, and Russia at 51st.
Index data sourced from the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Rankings reflect the number of destinations passport holders can enter without a prior visa.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Question 1: Critically examine the impact of a country’s passport power on its international relations and foreign policy.

Visa-free access can enhance diplomatic relations by facilitating easier travel for official and diplomatic purposes.
Strong passport power may reflect a country’s positive international image and compliance with global norms, influencing its soft power.
Passport strength can affect trade and tourism flows, which are integral to economic diplomacy.
Nations with weaker passports might prioritize bilateral agreements to improve their citizens’ global mobility, impacting foreign policy priorities.

Question 2: Evaluate the role of global mobility indices like the Henley Passport Index in shaping public and governmental perception of national identity and pride.

Global mobility indices can be a source of national pride if a country ranks highly, enhancing the citizens’ sense of international standing.
Low rankings might lead to public dissatisfaction with governmental efforts in international diplomacy and visa negotiations.
Such indices can influence government policy, prompting efforts to improve passport power through international negotiations and reforms.
Media coverage and public discussions around passport rankings can shape and reflect national identity in a globalized world.

Question 3: Discuss the implications of the Henley Passport Index rankings on global inequality and mobility.

Passport power disparities reflect broader global inequalities, particularly between developed and developing nations.
High-ranking passports allow for easier access to global opportunities, including education, employment, and business, potentially widening the inequality gap.
Visa restrictions and strong passports can control migration flows, affecting countries’ demographic and economic landscapes.
International efforts to address passport power imbalances could lead to more equitable global mobility and reduced disparities.

Israel Troop Withdrawal

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Israel’s military is reducing troop numbers in Gaza, shifting from a broad campaign to more targeted operations.
The transition aims to be completed by the end of January, coinciding with U.S. diplomatic engagements regarding Gaza’s future.
Partial troop withdrawal is intended to alleviate economic strain caused by mobilizing over 350,000 reservists since October 7.
S. has urged Israel to adopt a more precise military approach, focusing on Hamas leadership and infrastructure.
Despite troop reductions, Israel plans an intense campaign in Gaza for at least six more months, focusing on southern and central regions.
The ongoing conflict and military operations have led to significant civilian casualties and displacement within Gaza.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the strategic implications of Israel’s shift from a large-scale military operation to a more targeted approach in its conflict with Hamas.

Reduction in large-scale military presence could decrease immediate tensions and civilian casualties.
Targeted operations may increase the effectiveness against specific Hamas leaders and infrastructure, potentially weakening the group’s operational capabilities.
Shift could be seen as a response to international pressure and a move towards minimizing broader regional escalation, especially with Hezbollah and Iran.
Potential risks include the possibility of Hamas regrouping or rearming during the reduced intensity of operations.
Impact on Israel’s international relations and domestic politics, considering public and global perception of the military strategy.

2. Discuss the role of international diplomacy, including US involvement, in shaping the course of the Israel-Hamas conflict as indicated by recent developments.

US pressure on Israel to adopt a more surgical and restrained military approach, reflecting concerns over human rights and regional stability.
The involvement of the US Secretary of State in discussions about postwar governance and civilian protection in Gaza.
Impact of international diplomacy on ceasefire negotiations and humanitarian aid access.
Broader geopolitical implications, including the influence of US-Israel relations on Middle Eastern political dynamics.
Challenges faced by international diplomacy in addressing underlying causes of the conflict and achieving a long-term solution.

3. Evaluate the potential economic impacts on Israel due to the mobilization of reservists and the ongoing military operations in Gaza.

Economic strain from mobilizing over 350,000 reservists, impacting labor markets and productivity.
Financial burden of prolonged military engagement and its implications for public spending and economic priorities.
Potential long-term effects on foreign investment and tourism due to regional instability and security concerns.
Government strategies to mitigate economic impacts, including the decision to return some reservists to bolster the economy.
Overall assessment of the balance between security needs and economic stability in the context of ongoing conflict.

Taiwan Election Dynamics

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Taiwan’s presidential and legislative elections are scheduled for January 13, with over 19 million eligible voters.
The elections will determine if the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), favoring Taiwan’s independence, secures a third consecutive term with William Lai as the presidential candidate.
William Lai, the DPP candidate and current vice-president, faces competition from Kuomintang’s Hou Yu-Ih and Taiwan People’s Party’s Ko Wen-je.
The elections are significant for cross-strait relations and could impact US-China relations, as Beijing views Taiwan as a province to be reclaimed, possibly by force.
Key election issues include Taiwan’s economic state, housing affordability, and relations with mainland China.
The election results could influence regional stability, with potential effects on US-China cooperation and Taiwan’s economic interactions, particularly in technology.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of the 1992 Consensus in shaping cross-strait relations and its implications for Taiwan’s international status.

Understanding the 1992 Consensus and its origin between the KMT and CCP.
Analysis of how the consensus affects Taiwan’s political stance and relations with China.
Implications of adherence or non-adherence to the consensus on Taiwan’s international recognition and diplomacy.
Impact on Taiwan’s participation in international organizations and agreements.

2. Evaluate the potential impact of Taiwan’s presidential election results on US-China relations, particularly in the context of military and technological cooperation.

Overview of current US-China relations and the strategic importance of Taiwan in this dynamic.
Analysis of how different election outcomes could influence US policies towards Taiwan and China.
Potential changes in military and technology cooperation between the US and Taiwan depending on the election results.
Broader implications for global geopolitical stability and power balance.

3. Discuss the significance of youth voter preferences in Taiwan’s elections, particularly concerning economic policies and cross-strait relations.

Demographic profile of youth voters in Taiwan and their historical voting patterns.
Key economic issues influencing youth voters, such as job opportunities, housing, and wage levels.
Preferences of youth voters regarding Taiwan’s relationship with mainland China and their impact on election outcomes.
Long-term implications of youth voting trends on Taiwan’s domestic and foreign policies.

US-UK Airstrikes on Houthis

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The US and UK conducted airstrikes on Houthi-controlled sites in Yemen in response to Houthi attacks on commercial ships in the Red Sea.
The Houthis, a Yemeni militia backed by Iran, have been targeting these ships following the outbreak of the Gaza war, aligning with Hamas.
These maritime attacks have prompted significant international military responses, including the shooting down of drones and missiles by US and British forces.
The conflict in Yemen has escalated over the years, with the Houthis gaining control after overthrowing the government in 2014, leading to a devastating civil war.
Despite a ceasefire in April 2022, the conflict’s intensity has reduced but not ended, with the Houthis using their maritime attacks to gain global recognition and pressure Israel and its allies.
Saudi Arabia, while trying to normalize relations with Iran and end its involvement in Yemen, is concerned about the implications of US military responses on these efforts.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the strategic significance of the Red Sea in global trade and its implications for international security.

Importance of the Red Sea as a major shipping route connecting Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.
Impact of regional conflicts, such as the Yemeni conflict, on maritime security and global trade flows.
Role of international naval forces in ensuring the security of shipping lanes against threats like piracy and terrorism.

Critically discuss the role of external powers in the Yemen conflict and its impact on regional stability.

Involvement of the US and UK in military operations and their strategic interests in the region.
Iran and Saudi Arabia’s proxy war in Yemen and its broader implications for Middle Eastern geopolitics.
Effectiveness of international interventions in achieving long-term peace and stability in Yemen.

Evaluate the implications of the Houthi attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea on international maritime law and the law of the sea.

Overview of international maritime law related to the protection of civilian commercial vessels.
Legal ramifications of state and non-state actor involvement in attacks against commercial shipping.
International response and the role of organizations like the International Maritime Organization in addressing these challenges.

Genocide Convention

GS-2-International Relations

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Genocide Convention was established in 1948 following the Holocaust to prevent and punish acts of genocide.
It defines genocide as acts intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.
The Convention outlines punishable acts including genocide itself, conspiracy, incitement, attempt, and participation in genocide.
No one, including state officials, is immune from prosecution under the Convention.
Trials for genocide can occur in the state where the act was committed or in an international criminal court.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) handles disputes between states concerning violations of the Convention.
Every year, the UN commemorates the adoption of the Genocide Convention on December 9, emphasizing the need to prevent genocide and hold perpetrators accountable.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the role of the International Court of Justice in enforcing the Genocide Convention, particularly in the context of state accountability.

The ICJ’s mandate to resolve disputes between states, including those related to genocide.
Analysis of how the ICJ handles cases of genocide under the Genocide Convention.
Discussion on the effectiveness of the ICJ in ensuring state parties comply with their obligations to prevent and punish acts of genocide.

Critically evaluate the impact of the Genocide Convention in preventing atrocities since its adoption in 1948.

Overview of the Genocide Convention’s provisions for prevention and punishment of genocide.
Historical examples of genocide post-1948, such as in Rwanda and Srebrenica, to assess the practical enforcement of the Convention.
Discussion on the challenges and limitations of the Convention in deterring genocidal acts.

Discuss the significance of the universal jurisdiction principle in prosecuting genocide cases, with reference to the Genocide Convention.

Definition and explanation of universal jurisdiction in international law.
How the Genocide Convention incorporates or supports the principle of universal jurisdiction.
Case studies where universal jurisdiction was applied in genocide cases, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses.

Global Obesity Crisis

GS-2-Social Justice

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Obesity is a chronic, progressive disease affecting 650 million globally, leading to reduced life quality and increased mortality.
It significantly strains healthcare systems and economies due to high treatment costs and reduced workforce productivity.
Obesity increases the risk of various diseases like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers.
Stigma and misunderstanding surround obesity, often blaming individuals for poor lifestyle choices rather than recognizing genetic and socio-economic factors.
Cultural differences influence obesity perceptions, impacting policy and care access, with some cultures associating obesity with wealth and health.
Efforts to address obesity include applying a non-communicable disease framework and improving healthcare professional training.
Preventative measures and public health initiatives are essential but need to be culturally relevant to effectively manage and reduce obesity rates.
Collaboration among governments, healthcare providers, and NGOs is crucial to improve care and prevent future cases of obesity.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the role of socio-economic factors in the prevalence of obesity and its management.

Impact of income levels on access to healthy food choices.
Influence of education on awareness and understanding of nutritional information.
Availability of healthcare and support services in economically disadvantaged areas.
Role of urban planning in providing recreational facilities for physical activities.

Critically discuss the effectiveness of public health campaigns in altering perceptions and behaviors related to obesity.

Analysis of past public health campaigns and their impact on public awareness.
Role of media and advertising in shaping public perceptions of obesity.
Challenges in changing long-standing cultural and societal attitudes towards body image.
Comparison with other successful health campaigns, such as anti-smoking campaigns.

Evaluate the potential economic impacts of reducing obesity prevalence on a national scale.

Reduction in healthcare costs associated with treating obesity-related diseases.
Improvement in workforce productivity and economic output.
Long-term savings versus short-term costs of implementing obesity prevention programs.
Impact on insurance industries and healthcare policy.

Apple Removes Crypto Apps

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Apple removed apps of foreign cryptocurrency exchanges like Bitcoin, KuCoin, Bitfinex, and HTX from its App Store following a government request.
This action was taken weeks after India’s Financial Intelligence Unit issued notices to these exchanges for not complying with anti-money laundering laws.
Despite Apple’s removal, these apps remain available on Google Play Store and their respective websites.
Users who previously installed these apps on Apple devices can continue to use them.
Indian cryptocurrency exchanges are not affected by this move as they are registered with FIU-Ind and comply with local laws.
Foreign exchanges like Binance responded by reassuring users about the safety of their funds and their commitment to comply with local regulations.
The removal of foreign exchange apps could potentially drive Indian crypto investors back to domestic exchanges due to increased compliance and consumer protection.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the implications of the Indian government’s regulatory measures on foreign cryptocurrency exchanges and their compliance with anti-money laundering laws.

Understanding the role of Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-Ind) in monitoring financial activities.
Analysis of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) and its requirements for foreign exchanges.
Impact of non-compliance by foreign exchanges on their operations in India.
Consequences for foreign exchanges and their ability to serve Indian customers.

Discuss the potential effects of Apple’s decision to remove certain cryptocurrency exchange apps from its App Store in India on the broader digital asset market in the country.

Impact on user access and market reach of affected cryptocurrency exchanges.
Comparison of responses between Apple and other platforms like Google Play.
Consumer behavior changes due to reduced app availability.
Long-term implications for digital asset market dynamics in India.

Evaluate the role of domestic cryptocurrency exchanges in India’s financial ecosystem in light of recent regulatory actions against foreign exchanges.

Overview of compliance and registration of Indian exchanges with FIU-Ind.
Benefits of regulatory compliance for domestic exchanges and investor protection.
Strategies by Indian exchanges to attract and retain investors amid foreign exchange restrictions.
Future outlook for India’s cryptocurrency market and domestic exchanges’ roles.

Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

India aims to produce 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030 to reduce carbon emissions.
Current green hydrogen costs are double that of grey hydrogen, primarily due to high renewable electricity and electrolyser costs.
A report suggests reducing green hydrogen production costs to $2 per kg through increased subsidies and cost reductions in electricity and electrolyser manufacturing.
The national green hydrogen program focuses on decarbonizing sectors like steel and mobility, and aims to create 600,000 green jobs.
Despite the national mission, the adoption of green hydrogen is slow, with significant production expected only post-2027.
India plans to enhance electrolyser capacity and reduce costs to meet its green hydrogen production targets.
The country is also encouraged to develop indigenous electrolyser technology and consider exporting green hydrogen derivatives.
Developing production clusters and a transportation network for green hydrogen is recommended to manage costs effectively.
New standards for green hydrogen production aim to define and regulate emissions more precisely to support India’s Net Zero goal by 2070.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the potential economic impacts of achieving cost parity between green and grey hydrogen in India by 2030.

Reduction in import dependency on fossil fuels, enhancing energy security.
Stimulation of domestic industries through increased demand for renewable energy technologies and electrolyzers.
Potential for job creation in new sectors such as renewable energy, manufacturing of electrolyzers, and green hydrogen production.
Development of new export markets for green hydrogen and its derivatives like methanol and ammonia.
Impact on the pricing structure of energy within the national market, potentially making renewable energy more competitive.

Critically discuss the role of government subsidies in accelerating the adoption of green hydrogen technology in India.

Assessment of the current subsidy levels and their adequacy in covering the high initial costs of green hydrogen production.
Comparison with global subsidy practices and their outcomes in fostering green hydrogen economies.
Analysis of the potential for misallocation of resources and the sustainability of subsidy models in the long term.
Exploration of alternative or complementary policy measures such as tax incentives, public-private partnerships, and direct government investment in R&D.
Evaluation of the impact of subsidies on innovation and price reduction in electrolyzer technology and renewable energy sourcing.

Evaluate the strategic importance of developing indigenous electrolyzer technology for India’s green hydrogen ambitions.

Analysis of the current global supply constraints for electrolyzers and the benefits of self-reliance.
Potential cost reductions and performance improvements through localized manufacturing and innovation.
Impact on India’s trade balance by reducing imports and potentially increasing exports of electrolyzers and related technologies.
Role of indigenous technology in achieving the scalability required to meet the National Green Hydrogen Mission targets.
Examination of the synergies between indigenous electrolyzer development and other national priorities such as Make in India, Skill India, and Startup India.

Mumbai Infrastructure Boost

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Mumbai’s longest bridge, the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL) or Atal Setu, connects South Mumbai with the mainland, enhancing business and daily life.
The bridge spans 22 km, significantly reducing travel time between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai to 20 minutes.
Atal Setu is part of a broader infrastructure development in Mumbai, expected to synergize with upcoming projects worth billions.
Additional infrastructure projects like the Sewri-Worli corridor and the Eastern Freeway-Marine Drive tunnel will further enhance connectivity.
The completion of these projects will integrate different regions of Mumbai, making Atal Setu a central hub for transit.
Atal Setu is expected to boost economic growth by facilitating easier access to business zones and supporting new developments in Navi Mumbai.
The bridge will likely lead to increased real estate activity and development, potentially transforming Navi Mumbai into a major IT and industrial hub.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the potential economic impacts of the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL) on the local and regional economies.

Boost to connectivity reducing travel time significantly.
Attraction of new businesses and industries due to improved infrastructure.
Creation of job opportunities in construction, operations, and maintenance.
Increased real estate development and property values in connected regions.
Potential rise in commercial activities and higher investments.

Critically evaluate the role of Atal Setu in transforming Navi Mumbai into a major IT and industrial hub.

Enhanced accessibility to major markets and the upcoming airport.
Attraction of IT companies and global capability centers due to improved infrastructure.
Development of new commercial and residential real estate projects.
Investments in data centers and technology sectors.
Challenges such as sustainable development and managing increased traffic.

Discuss the implications of Atal Setu on urban mobility and decongestion in Mumbai.

Reduction in travel time between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai.
Decrease in congestion in central Mumbai and alternative routes.
Impact on the load of local transport systems like buses and local trains.
Integration with other infrastructure projects like the Sewri-Worli connector.
Potential environmental impacts due to changes in traffic patterns.

Japan Corporate Governance Reform

GS-3-Economy & Economic Development

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Japan is enhancing capital efficiency and shareholder returns among its listed companies.
The Tokyo Stock Exchange will publish monthly lists of companies sharing capital management plans.
Reforms include increasing corporate board independence and female representation.
These efforts are part of broader corporate governance reforms initiated last year.
Reforms are aligned with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida’s goal to make Japan an attractive investment destination.
Japan has modified its Nippon Individual Savings Account to encourage investment by making it tax-exempt.
The government aims to ensure reliable returns from companies to support Japan’s ageing population.
Increased foreign investment is sought to create higher skilled jobs.
Recent interest in Japanese stocks has surged, partly influenced by positive evaluations from foreign investors.
Corporate governance improvements are expected to continue, with a focus on unwinding cross-shareholdings.
By 2025, major listed firms must have at least one female board member; by 2030, women should make up 30% of directors.
Japan’s stock markets have outperformed Asian peers, buoyed by these governance reforms.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the impact of Japan’s recent corporate governance reforms on its global competitiveness and attractiveness to foreign investors.

Introduction of monthly disclosures by Tokyo Stock Exchange on capital management plans.
Implementation of comply or explain directive for companies with low price-to-book ratios.
Efforts to increase board independence and diversity, including mandatory female representation.
Reforms aimed at improving transparency and accountability in corporate governance.
Potential increase in foreign investment due to enhanced corporate governance standards.

2. Discuss the role of the Tokyo Stock Exchange’s new policies in enhancing shareholder value and their implications for Japan’s economic growth.

Introduction of monthly lists highlighting companies’ capital management strategies.
Pressure on companies to optimize capital allocation and enhance shareholder returns.
Impact of these policies on company performance and stock market attractiveness.
Broader economic implications, including potential effects on Japan’s deflationary economy.
Connection between improved corporate governance and sustainable economic growth.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of Japan’s strategies to increase female representation on corporate boards by 2030.

Current mandates for female board representation among Japan’s largest listed companies.
Goals set for 2025 and 2030 for female participation in corporate leadership.
Challenges and barriers in achieving these gender diversity targets.
Potential impacts of increased diversity on corporate performance and governance.
Comparison with global trends and standards in gender diversity on corporate boards.

Rainforest Tree Dominance

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

A small percentage of tree species dominate tropical rainforests globally.
These dominant species are consistent across different geographic regions.
The study involved a large international collaboration and extensive data collection.
Understanding common species can help predict forest responses to environmental changes.
Tropical forests are crucial for carbon storage and function as significant carbon sinks.
Despite regional climate and geographical differences, the pattern of species dominance remains similar.
Future research aims to uncover the underlying rules governing tropical forest assembly.
Focus on common species could enhance understanding, but the conservation of rare species remains important.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the implications of the dominance of a few tree species in tropical forests for biodiversity conservation strategies.

Highlight the ecological role of dominant species in ecosystem stability and function.
Discuss the potential risks of relying on a few species for ecosystem services, including carbon storage and habitat provision.
Analyze how conservation strategies could be adjusted to balance the focus between dominant and rare species.
Consider the implications for reforestation and afforestation projects in terms of species selection.

Critically evaluate the role of international collaboration in advancing our understanding of tropical forest biodiversity.

Discuss the benefits of pooling data and expertise from different regions and disciplines.
Analyse challenges such as data standardization, sharing, and intellectual property rights.
Highlight successful outcomes from past collaborations, emphasizing advancements in ecological understanding and policy impact.
Propose ways to enhance the effectiveness of international scientific collaborations.

Discuss how the uniformity in species dominance across different tropical forests could influence global environmental policies.

Explain the concept of species dominance and its discovery across various tropical forests.
Analyse how this pattern can inform global strategies for biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation.
Discuss the potential for developing unified policies that apply to diverse ecological contexts.
Consider the role of international environmental governance in addressing these uniform patterns.

Antarctic Climate Surprises

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Climate scientists are alarmed by unexpected and unprecedented climate events indicating gaps in our understanding of climate dynamics.
In March 2022, East Antarctica experienced a record-breaking heatwave with temperatures up to 40°C above normal, leading to extensive research.
A global team of 54 researchers from 14 countries, led by Swiss climatologist Jonathan Wille, investigated the causes and impacts of this heatwave.
The study revealed that tropical heat from La Niña conditions and cyclones in the Indian Ocean contributed to the heatwave via a powerful atmospheric river.
This atmospheric river transported warm, moist air to Antarctica, causing significant temperature rises and the collapse of the Conger Ice Shelf.
Despite potential catastrophic impacts, the timing (March) and snowfall mitigated immediate severe consequences, temporarily offsetting ice loss and sea-level rise.
The research underscores the importance of international collaboration and data sharing under the Antarctic Treaty, highlighting the role of peaceful cooperation in scientific advancements.
The findings stress the increasing frequency of such extreme events due to climate change, urging improved global preparedness for future scenarios and accelerated action on climate change.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of international collaboration in advancing our understanding of climate phenomena, as evidenced by the recent Antarctic heatwave study.

Highlight the formation of a global team of 54 researchers from 14 countries.
Discuss the sharing of datasets and resources across borders.
Assess the impact of such collaboration on the quality and scope of the research findings.
Consider how international cooperation under the Antarctic Treaty exemplifies peaceful and productive global scientific engagement.

2. Evaluate the implications of the March 2022 Antarctic heatwave on global climate policy and preparedness.

Analyze the unprecedented nature of the heatwave and its immediate effects on the Antarctic environment.
Discuss the potential long-term impacts if similar events occur more frequently, especially during Antarctic summers.
Assess how these findings could influence global climate resilience strategies, particularly for coastal and island nations.
Consider the role of predictive science in shaping policy adjustments and emergency preparedness.

3. Explain the significance of atmospheric rivers and their role in extreme weather events, using the March 2022 Antarctic event as a case study.

Define atmospheric rivers and describe their general characteristics and formation.
Detail the specific dynamics of the March 2022 event, including the interaction between tropical cyclones and the jet stream.
Analyze the consequences of such events on both local and global scales, focusing on temperature anomalies and precipitation patterns.
Discuss the broader implications for understanding and predicting weather patterns in a changing climate.

GM Crop Safety Oversight

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The Supreme Court questioned the Centre on the oversight of biosafety reports by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) regarding GM crops.
Justice Nagarathna emphasized that GEAC should not ignore existing reports, including dissenting opinions, in their decision-making process.
The Attorney General defended the GEAC’s decision, stating that a strengthened regulatory framework was followed for the environmental release of GM mustard.
The court is reviewing pleas for a moratorium on GM crops until a rigorous and transparent biosafety protocol is established and publicized.
Previously, the court had ordered a status quo on the commercial cultivation of GM mustard following its conditional environmental approval.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) in the context of regulatory frameworks for GM crops in India.

Overview of GEAC’s statutory role and responsibilities.
Analysis of the decision-making process regarding GM mustard DMH-11.
Discussion on the integration of scientific findings and expert committee reports in GEAC’s decisions.
Evaluation of transparency and public trust in GEAC’s regulatory processes.
Comparison with global best practices in GM crop regulation.

2. Discuss the implications of the Supreme Court’s interventions in the environmental release of genetically modified crops, specifically GM mustard.

Contextual background of the Supreme Court’s involvement in GM mustard case.
Analysis of the legal arguments presented by both sides in the court.
Impact of judicial decisions on policy-making and regulatory practices.
Discussion on the balance between scientific development and environmental protection.
Long-term implications for biotechnology governance in India.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of India’s current biosafety protocols for genetically modified organisms, with a focus on the case of transgenic mustard DMH-11.

Overview of existing biosafety protocols and regulatory mechanisms.
Details of the biosafety assessment carried out for GM mustard.
Critical analysis of the scientific rigor and comprehensiveness of the assessments.
Comparison with international biosafety standards.
Recommendations for strengthening biosafety measures in India.

India’s Escalating Plastic Crisis

GS-3-Environment & Disaster Management

Facts for Pre & Mains:

India’s annual plastic production has reached 9.3 million tonnes, quadrupling in the last five years.
The COVID-19 pandemic has further increased plastic use in e-commerce, food delivery, and FMCG sectors.
40% of plastic waste remains uncollected, accumulating in landfills, blocking water bodies, and polluting streets.
Plastic waste in landfills includes both macroplastics and microplastics, the latter resulting from the breakdown of larger plastics.
Environmental and health concerns are rising due to microplastics, which persist and potentially degrade into harmful substances.
Plastic degradation in landfills is influenced by various factors and can lead to the formation of secondary microplastic pollution.
Plastic debris can escape from landfills through environmental mechanisms like wind, flooding, and animal activity, especially in poorly managed sites.
A study categorizes Indian cities by risk levels of plastic loss from landfills, with major cities like Mumbai and Delhi at high risk.
Global estimates suggest that 5% to 47% of plastics are environmentally lost from mismanaged landfills.
Plastic pollution from landfills can spread to nearby areas through leachate, wind dispersal, runoff, flooding, and biological transport.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the impact of plastic waste management practices on India’s sustainable development goals.

Assessment of current waste management infrastructure and its adequacy in handling the increasing plastic waste.
Analysis of the effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing plastic waste and promoting recycling.
Impact of mismanaged plastic waste on environmental sustainability and public health.
Role of innovation and technology in enhancing plastic waste management.
Contribution of improved waste management to achieving SDGs, particularly those related to environmental protection and sustainable cities.

Critically evaluate the role of engineered landfills in mitigating environmental pollution from plastics in India.

Comparison of engineered landfills and open dumps in terms of containment and pollution control.
Effectiveness of engineered barriers in preventing leachate and plastic pollutants from entering the environment.
Challenges and limitations faced by engineered landfills in India, including maintenance and operational issues.
Role of policy and regulation in promoting the adoption of engineered landfills over open dumps.
Future prospects and necessary improvements for engineered landfills to effectively manage plastic waste.

Discuss the potential environmental and health impacts of microplastics generated from landfill sites.

Explanation of the process through which macroplastics degrade into microplastics in landfill conditions.
Impact of microplastics on soil quality, water quality, and biodiversity.
Potential health risks associated with exposure to microplastics, including ingestion and inhalation.
Challenges in mitigating the release and spread of microplastics from landfills.
Strategies and technologies that could be employed to reduce the formation and environmental release of microplastics.

Road Safety Concerns

GS-3-Internal & External Security

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Road accidents in India are increasing, causing concern.
National Road Safety Week aims to raise awareness from January 11-17 annually.
In 2022, India recorded 461,312 road accidents, with 168,491 fatalities and 443,366 injuries.
Accidents increased by 11.9% and deaths by 9.4% from 2021 to 2022.
Rural areas are more prone to fatal accidents, with 68% of deaths occurring there.
Two-wheelers are involved in the highest number of accidents and fatalities.
The majority of accident victims are within the working age group of 18-60 years.
Tamil Nadu recorded the highest number of accidents, while Uttar Pradesh had the most deaths in 2022.
Main causes of accidents include overspeeding, careless driving, and lack of safety measures like helmets and seat belts.
Government campaigns and stricter safety regulations are being implemented to reduce accidents.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the impact of demographic factors on road accident fatalities in India.

Analysis of age groups involved – predominantly working age group (18-60 years).
Comparison of rural versus urban accident rates and fatalities.
Impact of economic activities and population density on accident rates.

Critically discuss the role of national awareness campaigns like the National Road Safety Week in reducing road accidents in India.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of awareness campaigns in educating the public.
Impact on behavioral change regarding road safety measures.
Comparison with other countries’ road safety awareness initiatives.

Evaluate the effectiveness of recent governmental policies aimed at reducing road accidents in India.

Assessment of new traffic laws and regulations, such as mandatory helmets and seat belts.
Implementation of cashless treatment for accident victims to improve emergency response.
Analysis of infrastructure improvements aimed at road safety.

Antimicrobial Resistance Management

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The NCDC survey highlights the need for better management of antibiotic use, especially Critically Important Antimicrobials (CIAs).
There is a lack of public data on antibiotic usage in India’s food animal production, which needs attention similar to human consumption tracking.
Third generation cephalosporins, particularly ceftriaxone, are the most prescribed antibiotics, used for various severe infections.
These antibiotics, including aminoglycosides like amikacin, are also heavily used in food-producing animals, raising concerns about their effectiveness due to potential overuse.
Increasing resistance to these critical antibiotics has been observed, indicating an urgent need for regulated use and ongoing surveillance.
The survey conducted across multiple NAC-NET sites used WHO methodology to assess antibiotic use patterns, finding high prescription rates, especially in ICUs and surgical wards.
Recommendations include adopting standard treatment guidelines and conducting regular surveys to monitor and adjust antibiotic use practices.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

Examine the implications of widespread antibiotic use in India’s food animal production on human health and antimicrobial resistance.

Increased risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans.
Potential for residual antibiotics in food products consumed by humans, leading to direct exposure.
Compromised effectiveness of antibiotics in treating human diseases due to cross-resistance.

Critically evaluate the role of national policies in regulating the use of Critically Important Antimicrobials (CIAs) in healthcare and agriculture sectors.

Assessment of existing regulatory frameworks and their enforcement in controlling antibiotic use.
Role of policy in promoting research and development of alternative treatments and new antibiotics.
Effectiveness of policies in educating and guiding healthcare and agricultural professionals on responsible antibiotic use.

Discuss the potential benefits and challenges of implementing a surveillance network for monitoring antibiotic usage patterns in India.

Benefits such as improved data for policy making, targeted interventions, and enhanced public health outcomes.
Challenges including logistical issues, funding, compliance by institutions, and data privacy concerns.
Comparison with global best practices and adapting them to the Indian context for effective surveillance.

Cannabis Fights AMR

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

Cannabis contains phytocannabinoids with potential antibiotic properties.
These properties are being researched in India to combat antibiotic resistance (AMR).
AMR is a global health issue where pathogens resist existing medications, increasing disease severity and death rates.
Researchers at CSIR-IIIM tested tetrahydrocannabidiol (THCBD) against Staphylococcus aureus, a major AMR contributor.
THCBD showed effectiveness against multiple resistant strains of S. aureus, including MRSA.
The study suggests THCBD could be used alongside traditional antibiotics, enhancing treatment options.
Further research and regulatory approvals are needed to develop THCBD into a viable antibiotic.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of phytocannabinoids in addressing the challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in India.

Understanding the nature of AMR and its impact on public health.
Exploring the properties of phytocannabinoids as potential antimicrobial agents.
Assessing the effectiveness of phytocannabinoids against resistant strains like MRSA.
Discussing the implications of integrating phytocannabinoids into existing AMR treatment protocols.
Evaluating the challenges and opportunities in the research and development of cannabinoid-based treatments.

2. Evaluate the potential policy implications of legalizing cannabis for medicinal research in light of its antibacterial properties.

Reviewing current legal restrictions on cannabis research in India.
Assessing the potential benefits of cannabis-derived compounds in medical research.
Discussing the societal and medical impacts of easing restrictions for scientific studies.
Exploring international precedents and their outcomes on cannabis research policies.
Proposing frameworks for regulated research while preventing misuse.

3. Discuss the challenges and strategies in developing THCBD as a viable pharmaceutical agent against AMR.

Understanding the biochemical properties of THCBD and its mechanism against AMR.
Assessing the solubility challenges and strategies to enhance drug-like properties.
Evaluating the preclinical efficacy and safety profiles of THCBD.
Exploring the integration of THCBD with existing antibiotics and their interactions.
Discussing the regulatory, ethical, and logistical hurdles in bringing THCBD from lab to market.

Space Industry Outlook 2024

GS-3-Science & Technology

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The space industry has experienced rapid growth followed by economic tightening, with recent years focusing on survival and operational continuity.
Despite challenges, some companies like SpaceX and Amazon showed progress, indicating potential recovery or growth areas in the space sector.
For 2024, significant developments are anticipated in direct-to-device (D2D) satellite communications, with companies like Iridium, SpaceX, and AST SpaceMobile leading the way.
Blue Origin, under new leadership, is expected to increase its activities including engine production and potential space missions.
SpaceX’s Starship aims to successfully deploy satellites into orbit, marking a significant milestone in its development.
American lunar landers are poised to make further attempts at moon landings, with companies like Astrobotic and Intuitive Machines scheduled for missions.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the impact of commercial satellite launches on global telecommunications and the potential challenges they pose to space traffic management.

Expansion of global communication networks enhancing connectivity.
Increased risk of space debris and potential collisions.
Regulatory challenges in coordinating a growing number of satellite launches.
Need for advanced space traffic management systems.

2. Discuss the role of public-private partnerships in advancing lunar exploration missions, with reference to recent collaborations in the space industry.

Enhancement of technological capabilities through shared expertise and resources.
Reduction of financial burden on public entities by involving private investment.
Increased pace of innovation and mission frequency.
Challenges in aligning objectives and sharing intellectual property.

3. Evaluate the strategic significance of direct-to-device (D2D) satellite technology for remote areas and its implications for digital equality.

Potential to provide connectivity in underserved or remote regions.
Reduction of infrastructure costs compared to traditional ground-based networks.
Challenges related to spectrum allocation and interference with other services.
Role in bridging the digital divide and fostering socio-economic development.

Data Equity and Trust

GS-4-Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

Facts for Pre & Mains:

The importance of trust, ethics, and responsible data practices is growing in a data-driven society.
Data equity is crucial to ensure that all individuals’ rights are protected in the digital age.
Addressing data inequity involves creating robust methods to correct historical and current biases in data collection and analysis.
Ensuring equitable outcomes requires understanding social impacts and integrating community feedback into the design of innovations.
Comprehensive data review and improved analytics can lead to fairer outcomes and better representation of diverse populations.
New frameworks for digital design are needed to ask the right questions and collect the right data while respecting privacy and cultural values.
Incorporating data equity into design efforts enhances trust and ensures diverse community representation in technological developments.
Without proactive data equity, technological advancements risk increasing division and mistrust in society.

Questions & Hints for Mains & Interview:

1. Critically examine the role of data equity in ensuring the protection of human rights in the context of technological advancements.

Definition of data equity and its importance in technological contexts.
Connection between data equity and human rights.
Examples of how lack of data equity can lead to human rights violations.
Strategies to integrate data equity in technological designs to protect human rights.

2. Discuss the challenges and solutions in embedding trust and ethics in AI and generative AI technologies.

Overview of trust and ethics in the context of AI and generative AI.
Challenges in ensuring ethical use and trust in AI systems.
Role of regulatory frameworks and guidelines in addressing these challenges.
Examples of successful implementation of ethical practices in AI.

3. Evaluate the impact of responsible data practices on societal trust and the mitigation of data-driven inequities.

Explanation of responsible data practices and their components.
Analysis of how responsible data practices build societal trust.
Discussion on the role of these practices in reducing data-driven inequities.
Case studies or examples where responsible data practices have effectively addressed inequities.

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