UGC-NTA NET Political Science – India’s Foreign Policy Perspectives

India’s foreign policy reflects its identity as a development state. This identity is shaped by historical, economic, and social factors.

Definition of a Development State

A development state is defined by government intervention in the economy. This intervention aims to encourage economic growth and social welfare. Key characteristics include:

• Strong emphasis on industrialisation.
• Investment in infrastructure development.
• Focus on enhancing human capital through education and health initiatives.

Historical Context

India’s journey as a development state began post-independence in 1947. The following points highlight its historical context:

• Mixed Economy Model: India adopted a blend of socialism and capitalism.
• Nehruvian Model: Emphasised state-led development, prioritising heavy industries and public sector enterprises.

Economic Policies

India’s economic policies have evolved over the decades, shaping its development trajectory. Key policies include:

1. Five-Year Plans: Central planning mechanisms to guide economic growth.
2. Green Revolution (1960s-70s): Agricultural reforms aimed at increasing food production and achieving self-sufficiency.
3. Liberalisation (1991): Transition towards a market-oriented economy, facilitating foreign investment.

Role of the State

The Government of India plays a very important role in regulating and promoting economic activities. This role encompasses:

• Regulatory Framework: Establishing institutions to oversee economic activities.
• Public Sector: Significant involvement in key industries such as steel, coal, and telecommunications.
• Social Welfare Programs: Initiatives like MGNREGA, Public Distribution System (PDS), and health schemes to combat poverty and inequality.

Development Indicators

India’s development state identity is reflected in various indicators:

• GDP Growth: Consistent growth rates averaging 6-8% annually since liberalisation.
• Human Development Index (HDI): Improvements in education, health, and living standards.
• Poverty Reduction: Decline in poverty rates from 55% in 1993 to approximately 22% in 2011.

Foreign Policy Implications

India’s identity as a development state influences its foreign policy. Key implications include:

• South-South Cooperation: Engagement with developing countries to share resources and development experiences.
• Strategic Partnerships: Building alliances with nations like the USA, Japan, and Australia to boost economic and technological growth.
• Role in Global Institutions: Active participation in BRICS, G20, and the UN to advocate for developing nations’ interests.

Challenges to Development State Identity

Despite notable achievements, India’s development state identity faces several challenges:

• Economic Disparities: Persistent regional inequalities and an urban-rural divide.
• Bureaucratic Inefficiencies: Corruption and red tape hindering effective development outcomes.
• Environmental Concerns: The need to balance economic growth with sustainable development practices.

Current Trends

Recent initiatives reflect India’s commitment to its development state identity:

• Digital India Initiative: Promoting technology and enhancing digital infrastructure for inclusive growth.
• Make in India: Encouraging manufacturing and attracting foreign investment.
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Commitment to global development objectives and climate action.

Conclusion

India’s identity as a development state is integral to its foreign policy. The interplay between economic growth, social welfare, and international relations shapes India’s approach to global challenges. This identity continues to evolve, reflecting both domestic priorities and international dynamics.