Indian Political Thought: Mahatma Gandhi

The political thought and Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, and his methods of non-violent resistance influenced the struggle for Indian independence.  He was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar. He died on January 30, 1948, in New Delhi. Gandhi pursued law at University College London from 1888 to 1891. He began his career practising law in South Africa, where he spent over two decades fighting for the rights of Indians.

Philosophical Foundations

Gandhi’s political philosophy is built on several key principles:

• Satya (Truth): Gandhi regarded truth as the highest virtue and a moral duty. He believed that truth must guide one’s actions.
• Ahimsa (Non-violence): He promoted non-violence as a powerful tool for social and political change, rejecting violent means.
• Swaraj (Self-rule): Gandhi advocated for self-rule, emphasising the need for self-governance at both individual and national levels.
• Sarvodaya (Welfare of All): He focused on the upliftment of all, particularly the marginalised, promoting a society that benefits everyone.

Political Thought

Gandhi’s political thought is characterised by several key concepts:

• Civil Disobedience: He encouraged non-violent resistance to unjust laws, notably during the Salt March in 1930.
• Satyagraha: This principle of non-violent protest became a mainstay of his activism against British rule.
• Decentralisation: Gandhi supported village self-sufficiency and decentralised governance, advocating for Gram Swaraj.
• Critique of Modernity: He critiqued industrialisation and materialism, promoting simple living and self-sufficiency.

Key Movements and Contributions

Gandhi’s activism led to several movements:

• Champaran Movement (1917): His first major involvement addressed the plight of indigo farmers in Bihar.
• Kheda Satyagraha (1918): He protested against oppressive taxation during a famine, leading to tax relief for farmers.
• Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): Gandhi called for Indians to withdraw from British institutions, promoting self-rule.
• Salt March (1930): This 240-mile march to the sea symbolised resistance against British salt laws.
• Quit India Movement (1942): A mass protest demanding an end to British rule in India.

Influence and Legacy

Gandhi’s impact extends beyond India:

• Global Impact: His philosophy inspired civil rights movements worldwide, influencing leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
• Philosophy of Non-violence: His principles became foundational for various social and political movements worldwide.
• Role in Indian Independence: Gandhi was a key figure in the independence struggle, reshaping political activism through his methods.

Criticism and Controversies

Gandhi faced criticism on several fronts:

• Views on Caste: He was critiqued for his views on the caste system, although he advocated for the upliftment of the ‘Untouchables’ (Harijans).
• Partition of India: Gandhi’s stance during the partition faced criticism, particularly regarding his emphasis on Hindu-Muslim unity.
• Approach to Violence: Some contemporaries argued against his strict adherence to non-violence, especially during communal riots.

Personal Life

Gandhi’s personal life reflected his principles:

• Family: He was married to Kasturba Gandhi and had four children.
• Lifestyle: Gandhi lived an ascetic lifestyle, emphasising simplicity and self-discipline.
• Writings: His literary contributions include “Hind Swaraj” and “The Story of My Experiments with Truth.”

Philosophical Works

Gandhi authored several works:

• Hind Swaraj (1909): A critique of Western civilisation and a vision for Indian self-rule.
• The Story of My Experiments with Truth (1927): An autobiography detailing his life and philosophy.
• Constructive Programme: This work outlines his vision for social reform and economic self-sufficiency.

Death and Assassination

Gandhi’s life was tragically cut short:

• He was assassinated by Nathuram Godse on January 30, 1948.
• His death marked moment in Indian history, leading to widespread mourning and reflection on his teachings.

Commemoration

Gandhi’s legacy is commemorated globally:

• International Day of Non-Violence: Celebrated on October 2, Gandhi’s birthday, promoting non-violence worldwide.
• Memorials: Numerous institutions, roads, and monuments are named in his honour across India and the world.

M.K. Gandhi’s contributions to political thought and activism, and his emphasis on truth, non-violence, and self-rule continues to inspire movements for justice and equality globally. His legacy remains a mainstay of Indian identity and political philosophy, exemplifying the power of peaceful resistance.