Water Disputes and Environmental Challenges in India

India is endowed with numerous rivers, lakes, and groundwater resources. These are essential for agriculture, drinking water, and industrial purposes. However, the country grapples with water disputes across states and regions. These disputes are intensified by environmental challenges such as climate change, pollution, and an ever-growing population.

Major Rivers in India

Ganges

The Ganges is one of the most sacred rivers in India. It supports agriculture and provides drinking water to millions. However, it faces severe pollution and over-extraction issues.

Brahmaputra

The Brahmaputra flows through Northeast India. It is a vital water source for the region but has sparked disputes with China over dam constructions that may affect water flow.

Indus

The Indus River is shared with Pakistan and is governed by the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. This treaty regulates water sharing and has been crucial for both nations.

Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery

These rivers are for inter-state water sharing. They have ongoing disputes involving multiple states, which complicates their management.

Key Water Disputes

Inter-State River Disputes

• Cauvery Water Dispute: Involves Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Supreme Court has intervened, leading to the formation of the Cauvery Water Management Authority.
• Krishna Water Dispute: Involves Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Multiple agreements and Supreme Court rulings have emerged from this dispute.
• Narmada Water Dispute: Involves Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Concerns revolve around dam projects and their environmental impacts.

International Water Disputes

• Indus Waters Treaty: This agreement between India and Pakistan regulates the sharing of the Indus River system.
• Brahmaputra River: Concerns exist regarding China’s dam projects, which may affect the downstream flow to India and Bangladesh.

Environmental Challenges

Climate Change

Climate change has altered rainfall patterns across India. This leads to increased flooding and droughts. The frequency of extreme weather events is rising, affecting water availability.

Pollution

Pollution is threat to water resources. Industrial discharge, sewage, and agricultural runoff contaminate rivers and groundwater. Major polluted rivers include the Ganges, Yamuna, and Sabarmati.

Groundwater Depletion

Over-extraction of groundwater for agriculture and urban use has led to declining water tables. States like Punjab and Haryana are facing severe groundwater depletion issues.

Deforestation and Land Use Changes

Deforestation impacts watershed management. It reduces water retention in the ecosystem. Urbanisation increases surface runoff, which further diminishes groundwater recharge.

Government Policies and Initiatives

National Water Policy (2012)

The National Water Policy aims for integrated water resource management. It focuses on equitable distribution and sustainable use of water resources across the country.

Namami Gange Programme

This initiative is designed to clean and rejuvenate the Ganges River. It encompasses various projects aimed at reducing pollution and restoring the river’s health.

Jal Shakti Abhiyan

The Jal Shakti Abhiyan is a campaign promoting water conservation. It encourages rainwater harvesting and aims to raise awareness about water scarcity issues.

Role of Civil Society and NGOs

Civil society and NGOs play important role in advocating for sustainable water management practices. They engage communities in initiatives for river cleaning and conservation. These efforts are vital for raising awareness and encouraging local stewardship of water resources.