Synthetic Fibres and Plastics (Class VIII- Chemistry)
Every day, the clothes we wear are made from various types of fabrics derived from an array of fibrous materials. These fibres can either be sourced naturally, like wool, silk, and cotton, or produced synthetically, such as polyesters and terylene.
The Essential Role of Polymers in Fibre Creation
A polymer is a chemical substance composed of similar, repeating subunits. The term polymer originates from the Greek words ‘poly’ (meaning many) and ‘mer’ (meaning part or unit). The diverse nature of polymers allows for a vast array of applications, including the creation of synthetic fibres like rayon and nylon. These human-made fibres are essential in numerous applications beyond clothing, such as in household goods and industrial materials.
Natural vs Synthetic Fibres
Natural fibres, as the name suggests, are derived from natural sources — plants and animals. Examples include cotton from cotton plants, silk from silkworm cocoons, and wool from sheep. These fibres are praised for their comfort, breathability, and environmental sustainability. In contrast, synthetic fibres are created through chemical processes. Examples of synthetic fibres include nylon, made from petroleum products, and acrylic, designed to mimic the properties of wool at a lower cost.
The Delicate and Luxurious World of Silk
Silk is one of the most revered natural fibres, known for its smooth texture and shimmering appearance. The production of silk begins with the cocoon of the silkworm, with about 10 kg of cocoons needed to produce just 1 kg of silk. Originating from China, where methods of production were closely guarded secrets, silk remains a premium material used in high-end garments like sarees and ties.
Rayon: The Versatile Man-Made Fibre
Rayon, although derived from natural materials like wood pulp, is considered a synthetic fibre because it undergoes significant chemical processing. This fibre is often touted as a cheaper alternative to silk, providing a similar drape and feel but at a more accessible price point. Common uses of rayon include clothing and textiles, offering a blend of luxury and practicality.
The Arrival of Nylon
Introduced as the first fully synthetic fibre, nylon was a revolutionary development in the world of textiles. Created from coal, water, and air, nylon is known for its strength, elasticity, and light weight. These properties make it ideal for a variety of applications, including clothing like socks and robes, and industrial products such as ropes, tents, and more.
Polyester: A Modern Fabric Staple
Polyester is one of the most common synthetic fibres used today. Known for its durability, resistance to wrinkling, and ease of care, polyester is a favorite for both clothing and home furnishings. A popular type of polyester is Terylene, known for its robustness and crisp texture. Polyester’s low-cost and practical qualities make it a go-to material in fast fashion.
Acrylic: The Synthetic Alternative to Wool
Acrylic fibres are designed to mimic the properties of wool, providing warmth and softness but at a lower cost. This synthetic fibre has gained popularity for its affordability and durability, often used in sweaters and blankets. Despite its benefits, acrylic like all synthetic fibres, poses environmental challenges due to its non-biodegradable nature.
Understanding the Impacts of Plastics in Textile Production
Plastic materials, crucial in the production of synthetic fibres, share similar polymer structures but can vary in properties. There are thermoplastics, like polyethylene and PVC, which soften on heating, and thermosetting plastics like bakelite and melamine, which retain their shape once molded. While plastics are versatile and useful, they also contribute significantly to environmental pollution due to their non-biodegradability and the toxins released during their production and disposal.
The Environmental Cost of Non-Biodegradable Materials
While natural materials generally decompose and integrate back into the ecosystem, non-biodegradable materials such as plastics and certain synthetic fibres can persist in the environment for centuries. The accumulation of these materials contributes to pollution and poses severe environmental risks, highlighting the importance of responsible production, consumption, and disposal practices.
The 4 R’s: A Sustainable Approach to Textile Consumption
To mitigate environmental impacts, adopting the 4 R’s—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recover—is crucial. This approach promotes sustainable practices that extend the life of materials, reduce waste, and lower the environmental footprint of our consumption habits. Embracing these principles in everyday life, especially in our choices of clothing and textiles, can lead to significant positive changes for our planet.
