Rise in Guillain-Barré Syndrome Cases in Maharashtra

January 24, 2025

Recently, Pune has reported increase in Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) cases, with 59 individuals diagnosed, including 12 requiring ventilator support. The Maharashtra health department is investigating this sudden rise. Health officials indicate that GBS can occur after infections, but it does not lead to widespread outbreaks.

About Guillain-Barré Syndrome

GBS is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks peripheral nerves.
This results in symptoms like weakness, numbness, and in severe cases, paralysis.
The exact cause remains unclear, but infections often precede the onset of GBS symptoms.

Types of Guillain-Barré Syndrome

GBS encompasses several forms. The most common is Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), primarily seen in North America and Europe. Other types include Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS), characterised by eye-related paralysis, and Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN), prevalent in certain regions like China and Japan.

Symptoms of GBS

Common initial symptoms include tingling and weakness, typically starting in the feet and legs.
As the condition progresses, these sensations can spread to the upper body, leading to more severe weakness or paralysis.
Other symptoms may include difficulty with vision, swallowing, and facial movements, as well as severe pain, rapid heart rate, and problems with bladder control.

Causes and Triggers

While the precise cause of GBS is unknown, two-thirds of patients report preceding infections, such as respiratory or gastrointestinal illnesses. Notably, infections like COVID-19 and the Zika virus have been linked to GBS. The syndrome can affect individuals of any age, though it is more prevalent in adults.

Treatment Options

Currently, there is no definitive cure for GBS. Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms and speeding recovery. Therapies such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasmapheresis can reduce the severity of the condition. Most patients recover fully, although recovery can take months to years.

Public Health Response

The recent spike in GBS cases in Pune has prompted health authorities to monitor and investigate the situation closely. Public health initiatives aim to raise awareness about the syndrome and its potential triggers, ensuring timely diagnosis and treatment for affected individuals.

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