Representation in Electoral Politics [UGC NTA NET Political Science Notes]

Representation is the process through which individuals or groups are elected to act on behalf of others. It is essential for democracy as it allows citizens to influence governance. Without representation, the interests of various groups may be overlooked.

Types of Representation

Representation can be categorised into three main types:

• Descriptive Representation: This occurs when elected representatives mirror the demographic characteristics of the population, such as gender and ethnicity. For example, a legislature with number of women reflects descriptive representation.
• Substantive Representation: Here, representatives advocate for the interests and needs of their constituents, regardless of their own characteristics. A representative from a minority community may support policies that benefit the entire community.
• Symbolic Representation: This involves the presence of representatives from marginalized groups, serving as a symbol of inclusion and recognition in governance.

Mechanisms of Representation

Representation in electoral politics occurs through various mechanisms:

• Direct Representation: Citizens directly vote for their representatives in elections.
• Proportional Representation: Seats are allocated based on the percentage of votes each party receives.
• First-Past-The-Post (FPTP): The candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins. This system is prevalent in India.

Electoral Systems in India

India employs different electoral systems for various levels of governance:

Representation of Marginalized Groups

India has implemented measures to enhance the representation of marginalised groups:

• Reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST): Certain seats are reserved in legislatures to ensure representation. This aims to address historical inequalities.
• Women’s Reservation Bill: This proposed legislation seeks to reserve 33% of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies, promoting gender equality in politics.

Role of Political Parties

Political parties are crucial in shaping representation. They select candidates, develop policies, and mobilise voters. Party manifestos outline the interests they aim to represent. For instance, parties often highlight issues like healthcare and education in their manifestos to attract voters.

Challenges to Representation

Several challenges hinder effective representation in India:

• Underrepresentation: Certain groups, such as women and minorities, often remain underrepresented in legislative bodies.
• Political Dynasties: Family-based politics can limit opportunities for new candidates, reinforcing existing power structures.
• Corruption and Electoral Malpractices: These issues can distort the true representation of the electorate’s will, undermining democratic processes.

Impact of Electoral Reforms

Electoral reforms aim to enhance representation and integrity in the electoral process. Key reforms include:

• Right to Information Act: This law promotes transparency in governance.
• Electoral Funding Regulations: These aim to limit the influence of money in politics.
• Measures to Curb Electoral Fraud: Initiatives to ensure fair elections help maintain the integrity of representation.

Representation and Accountability

Elected representatives are accountable to their constituents. Mechanisms such as public hearings, feedback systems, and recall elections enhance accountability. For example, public hearings allow citizens to voice concerns directly to their representatives.

Theoretical Perspectives on Representation

Two primary models of representation exist:

• Delegate Model: In this model, representatives act strictly according to the wishes of their constituents. They prioritise the preferences of their voters.
• Trustee Model: Here, representatives use their judgment to make decisions in the best interest of their constituents, even if those decisions diverge from immediate preferences.

Global Comparisons

Different countries employ various systems of representation:

• Germany: Uses mixed-member proportional representation, combining direct and proportional representation.
• Australia: Implements ranked-choice voting, allowing voters to rank candidates in order of preference.

Recent Trends

Recent trends in electoral politics include:

• Technology in Elections: The increasing use of electronic voting machines enhances the voting process.
• Social Media for Campaigning: Political parties use social media platforms for voter engagement and outreach.
• Movements for Greater Representation: There are growing calls for increased representation of youth and marginalised communities in politics.

Case Studies

Analysis of specific elections can highlight issues of representation. The 2019 Lok Sabha elections, for instance, showcased the representation of women and SC/ST candidates. Despite reservations, the actual number of women elected remained low, indicating ongoing challenges.

Constitutional Provisions

The Constitution of India contains several articles related to representation:

• Article 326: Governs elections to the Lok Sabha and state assemblies, ensuring universal adult suffrage.
• Article 330: Provides for the reservation of seats for SC/ST in the Lok Sabha, promoting their representation.