Indian Polity & Constitution MCQs

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Part IXA of the constitution deals with municipalities i.e. urban local government.

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Article 124(4) of the constitution, President can remove a judge on proved misbehaviour or incapacity when parliament approves with a majority of the total membership of each house in favour of impeachment and not less than two thirds of the members of each house present. For initiating impeachment proceedings against a judge, at least 50 members of Rajya Sabha or 100 members of Lok Sabha shall issue the notice as per Judges (Inquiry) Act,1968. Then a judicial committee would be formed to frame charges against the judge, to conduct the fair trial and to submit its report to parliament. When the judicial committee report finds the judge guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity, further removal proceedings would be taken up by the parliament if the judge is not resigning himself. No judge of Supreme Court has been removed through impeachment process so far.

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State of Punjab was bifurcated to create Haryana in the year 1966. It formed that seventeenth state of Indian Union. The Union Territory of Chandigarh was also carved out from the same.

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The House of Representatives or Pyithu Hluttaw is the lower house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma).

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The three methods of amendment of the constitution are as follows:

1. By Simple Majority of Parliament Some changes such as admission, formation of new states and making changes into territorial boundaries of the states, abolition and creation of legislative councils etc. can be done like any other ordinary law by simple majority.
2. By Special Majority of the Parliament Most of the provisions of the constitution need to be amended by special majority i.e. majority of more than 50% of total membership and 2/3rd members present and voting. Some of the amendments included in it are Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles etc.
3. By Special Majority of the Parliament and Ratification by half of the State Legislatures There are a few provisions in which interest of the states and federal features of the constitution may be involved. Such bills first need to be passed on both the houses of the parliament and then need to secure ratification by half of the state legislatures. Examples include those related to Centre-State Relations, Election of the President etc.

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According to the doctrine of Public Interest Litigation any member of the public or group of people may approach the court, on behalf of the aggrieved persons for protection of his fundamental rights.

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The Contingency Fund of India is established under Article 267 of the Indian Constitution. It was enacted by the Contingency Fund of India Act 1950. This fund is used to meet unexpected or unforeseen expenditure.

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Article 32 of the Indian Constitution describes the provisions whereby individuals may seek redressal for the violation of their fundamental rights. It is available to any person for enforcing any of the fundamental rights conferred on all persons.

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Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Indian Constitution in 1976 by the 42nd Amendment. The 42nd Amendment was based on recommendations from the Swaran Singh Committee. The Committee was set up in 1976 to recommend changes to the Constitution. The Fundamental Duties are listed in Article 51 ‘A’, which is in Part IV A of the Constitution. There are 11 fundamental duties listed in the Constitution. The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 added the 11th fundamental duty, which is to provide educational opportunities for children between the ages of six and fourteen.

Notes:
Supreme Court is the Highest Court of appeal and the writs and decrees of Supreme Court run throughout the country. The cases come to the Supreme Court in the form of appeals against the judgments of the lower courts and this is called appellate jurisdiction. Appellate jurisdiction involves the Constitution, Civil and criminal matters.