Indian Polity & Constitution MCQs

Notes:
Prorogation is end of a session. A prorogation puts an end to a session. The time between the Prorogation and reassembly is called Recess. Prorogation is end of session and not the dissolution of the house in case of Lok Sabha, as Rajya Sabha does not dissolve.
While adjournment is done by presiding officers (speaker / deputy speaker in Lok Sabha and Chairman / Deputy chairman in Rajya Sabha), prorogation is done by President. Dissolution of Lok Sabha is also done by president.

Notes:
Sikkim became a state of India via the Thirty-sixth Amendment Act, 1975 on 26th April, 1975. The Sikkim State day is observed on 16th May of every year because this was the day when the first Chief Minister of Sikkim assumed office.

Notes:
The three methods of amendment of the constitution are as follows:

1. By Simple Majority of Parliament Some changes such as admission, formation of new states and making changes into territorial boundaries of the states, abolition and creation of legislative councils etc. can be done like any other ordinary law by simple majority.
2. By Special Majority of the Parliament Most of the provisions of the constitution need to be amended by special majority i.e. majority of more than 50% of total membership and 2/3rd members present and voting. Some of the amendments included in it are Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles etc.
3. By Special Majority of the Parliament and Ratification by half of the State Legislatures There are a few provisions in which interest of the states and federal features of the constitution may be involved. Such bills first need to be passed on both the houses of the parliament and then need to secure ratification by half of the state legislatures. Examples include those related to Centre-State Relations, Election of the President etc.

Notes:
Contingency fund of India has been placed at the disposal of President of India. On the other hand, contingency funds of State Governments are at disposal of Governor.

Notes:
D. Jatti had worked as Chief Minister of State of Mysore. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy had worked as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. Zail Singh worked as Chief Minister of Punjab. Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma had served as Chief Minister of Bhopal State.

Notes:
Constitution (42nd) Amendment Act, 1976 was the lengthiest amendment which brought most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history. It is also called Mini-Constitution and Constitution of Indira Gandhi.

Notes:
Article 23 provides for prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. It says (1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law (2) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purpose, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them.

Notes:
According to the Government of India Act 1919, the life of the Council of State was 5 years and the life of Legislative Assembly was 3 years.

Notes:
President is not a member of any of the two houses of our country. President is a title given to leaders of republican states. President of India is the ceremonial head of state of India and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces.

Notes:
Fundamental rights are the basic rights of the people of India. Here is the list of fundamental rights in India:
1. Right to Equality
Right to Equality is the first fundamental right brought the end of untouchability. This right stands for the principle of equality before law as well as the social equality and supports non-discrimination of people on any basis.
2. Right to Freedom
Right to freedom includes articles on freedom of speech, expression and assembly and is one of the most important of the fundamental rights. In addition to the three main rights of speech, expression and assembly, this fundamental right also provides freedom of association, profession, movement throughout the territory of our country and freedom to reside and settle in any part of India.
3. Right against Exploitation
These rights help to prevent exploitation of the weaker section. The Bonded Labour system (Abolition) Act, 1976 was enacted by the Indian parliament in support of this basic right.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
India is a secular country and right to freedom of religion to all its citizens ensures that all states treat all the religions neutrally. Every Indian citizen has religious freedom and can follow any religion of their choice.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
The cultural and educational right includes the right to education and helps to conserve various heritages of minorities and protect them from discrimination. This fundamental right also allows minorities to set up and administer educational institutions to preserve their heritage.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies
Right to Constitutional Remedies allows Indian citizens to approach the Supreme Court of India to protect their fundamental rights.