India issued a formal notice on August 30, 2024, to review and modify the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) under Article XII (3). The move reflects India's need for sustainable water resources to meet growing domestic demands and support clean energy development. Article XII allows treaty modifications but requires high-level agreements, making changes challenging. Previous attempts to modify water-sharing, like the Kishenganga arbitration in 2013, show that reaching consensus with Pakistan is difficult. The Kishanganga River, called the Neelum River in Pakistan, is a tributary of the Jhelum River. It flows through Jammu and Kashmir before joining the Jhelum in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
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