Political Institutions in India – UGC-NTA NET Political Science

The Constitution of India is a remarkable document that reflects the aspirations and struggles of the Indian populace. Its making was deeply influenced by the Indian National Movement, which fought against colonial rule and sought self-governance.

Historical Context

The Indian National Congress (INC) emerged in 1885 as a platform for political dialogue. Initially, it sought reform within the British colonial framework. Over time, the INC became a powerful force in mobilising public opinion against colonial rule. – The demand for self-governance grew stronger. – The INC played a very important role in uniting diverse sections of society.

Key Movements and Their Impact

Several movements marked the Indian struggle for independence, each contributing uniquely to the demand for constitutional reforms.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

– Led by Mahatma Gandhi, it called for non-violent resistance against British rule. – It emphasised the idea of self-rule, or ‘Swaraj’. – It mobilised large segments of the Indian population.

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)

– The Salt March (Dandi March) became a very important event. – It brought into light the injustice of British salt laws. – This movement strengthened calls for complete independence from British rule.

Quit India Movement (1942)

– Launched by the INC, it demanded an end to British rule. – It unified various sections of society against colonialism. – The movement faced severe repression but showcased the resolve of the Indian people.

Key Figures and Their Contributions

Several leaders played crucial roles in shaping the Indian National Movement and the Constitution.

Mahatma Gandhi

– Advocated non-violent resistance and civil rights. – His philosophy inspired millions to join the freedom struggle.

Jawaharlal Nehru

– A visionary leader who emphasised democratic socialism and secularism. – His ideas influenced the socio-economic policies of independent India.

B.R. Ambedkar

– Championed social justice and rights for marginalised communities. – He became the principal architect of the Constitution, ensuring it reflects the needs of all citizens.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

– Played important role in integrating princely states post-independence. – His efforts were vital for national unity.

Constitutional Developments

The journey towards the Constitution of India involved several key legislative developments.

Government of India Act 1935

– Provided a framework for provincial autonomy. – Influenced the constitutional debates post-independence.

Cripps Mission (1942)

– Proposed constitutional reforms to address the demand for self-governance. – Failed to satisfy Indian leaders, leading to increased discontent.

Cabinet Mission (1946)

– Suggested a federal structure for India. – Proposed a constituent assembly to draft the Constitution.

Role of the Constituent Assembly

The Constituent Assembly, formed in 1946, was very important in drafting the Constitution. – It comprised members from various political backgrounds. – Extensive debates occurred on fundamental rights, social justice, and government structure. – The Constitution was adopted on January 26, 1950, marking a new era for India.

Ideological Foundations

The Constitution is built on strong ideological foundations. – Emphasis on democracy, secularism, and social justice is evident throughout. – The Preamble reflects the aspirations of the freedom struggle. – It incorporates fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy, ensuring a comprehensive governance framework.

Legacy of the National Movement

The Indian National Movement laid the groundwork for a democratic framework in post-colonial India. – It promoted a pluralistic society that respects diverse cultures and religions. – The legacy continues to influence ongoing struggles for social justice and equality.

Key Documents and Resolutions

Several documents and resolutions played role in shaping the constitutional discourse.

Nehru Report (1928)

– Advocated for self-governance and constitutional reforms. – Highlighted the need for a constitutional framework that represented Indian interests.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)

– Negotiated terms for civil disobedience and political dialogue. – Marked an important step in the negotiation process between Indian leaders and the British government.

Resolution of the Lahore Session (1929)

– Declared the goal of complete independence. – Set the stage for future movements demanding full sovereignty.

Influence of Other Movements

The struggle for independence was not limited to the INC. – Social reform movements shaped constitutional values. – Women’s rights and representation gained prominence during the freedom struggle. – These movements emphasised equality and justice, influencing the Constitution’s framework.