Nature of the Indian State – UGC-NTA NET Political Science

The state of India is characterised by its unique constitutional framework, socio-economic policies, and democratic values. It operates as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.

Constitutional Framework

The Constitution of India was adopted on January 26, 1950, and is the longest written constitution in the world. It lays the foundation for the governance and legal framework of the country.

Type of State

• Sovereign: The state has full authority over its territory.
• Socialist: Emphasis on social ownership and economic planning.
• Secular: The state treats all religions equally.
• Democratic Republic: Elected representatives govern the country.

Fundamental Rights

Articles 12 to 35 of the Constitution guarantee fundamental rights to individuals, protecting them from state actions. These rights include:

• Right to equality.
• Right to freedom of speech and expression.
• Right to protection against discrimination.

Directive Principles of State Policy

Articles 36 to 51 provide guidelines for state policies aimed at achieving social and economic justice. They include:

• Article 39 – Ensures adequate means of livelihood for all citizens.
• Article 41 – Right to work, education, and public assistance.
• Article 45 – Provision for early childhood care and education.

Sovereignty

Sovereignty in India can be divided into two categories – internal and external.

Internal Sovereignty

This refers to the authority of the state over its territory and population. It encompasses law enforcement, governance, and public administration.

External Sovereignty

This involves recognition by other states and the ability to enter into international relations. India maintains diplomatic relations with numerous countries and is a member of various international organisations.

Socialist Character

The state of India promotes a socialist character through its economic policies and social justice initiatives.

Economic Planning

India follows a mixed economy model, where both the public and private sectors coexist. The public sector plays role in key industries like defence, railways, and energy.

Social Justice

The state aims to reduce inequalities in wealth and opportunity. Article 39 directs the government to ensure equitable distribution of resources.

Secularism

Secularism is a fundamental aspect of the state of India. It guarantees freedom of religion and promotes equality among different faiths.

Religious Neutrality

The state does not favour any religion. All religions are treated equally under the law, ensuring a harmonious society.

Articles on Religion

Articles 25 to 28 provide for the freedom of religion, including the right to propagate and practice one’s faith. Articles 29 and 30 protect the cultural rights of minorities.

Democratic Framework

India’s democratic framework is characterised by a parliamentary system and universal adult franchise.

Parliamentary System

India has a bicameral legislature consisting of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). This structure facilitates representation and debate.

Universal Adult Franchise

Every citizen aged 18 and above has the right to vote. This ensures that the government is accountable to the people.

Elections

Elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India, ensuring free and fair processes. Regular elections strengthen democracy.

Federal Structure

India operates under a federal structure, distributing powers between the central and state governments.

Division of Powers

Powers are divided into three lists – Union List, State List, and Concurrent List, as outlined in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.

Article 356

Welfare State

The state of India aims to provide a welfare system that supports its citizens.

Social Security

Programs like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and the Public Distribution System (PDS) provide social safety nets.

Health and Education

The state is responsible for ensuring basic healthcare and education. Initiatives like the National Health Mission aim to improve public health.

Empowerment of Marginalised

Special provisions exist for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes to promote social equity.

Role of the State in Economy

The Indian economy is characterised by a mixed economy model.

Mixed Economy

Public and private sectors coexist, with the government playing role in strategic industries.

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)

Key industries such as coal, steel, and telecommunications are owned and operated by the government, ensuring public control over essential services.

Regulatory Framework

Regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) oversee various sectors, ensuring fair practices.

Judicial System

India has an independent judiciary, which is essential for upholding the Constitution.

Independent Judiciary

The Supreme Court is the apex court, responsible for protecting fundamental rights and the Constitution.

Judicial Review

The judiciary has the power to invalidate laws and executive actions that violate the Constitution, ensuring checks and balances.

Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

This mechanism allows citizens to seek justice in matters of public interest, enhancing access to justice.

Political Culture

India’s political culture is marked by pluralism and diversity.

Pluralism

Diverse identities and interests are recognised and accommodated within the political framework.

Civil Society

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and social movements play important role in influencing policy and governance.

Political Parties

India has a multiparty system. Major parties include the Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, and various regional parties, reflecting the country’s diversity.

Challenges to the Indian State

Despite its strengths, the state of India faces several challenges.

Corruption

Corruption remains issue, impacting transparency and accountability in governance.

Communalism

Tensions between different religious communities pose challenges to social harmony.

Regional Disparities

Economic and social inequalities exist across states, necessitating targeted policies for balanced development.

Insurgency and Separatism

Movements in regions like Kashmir and the Northeast challenge state authority and require sensitive handling.

Globalization and the Indian State

Globalisation has transformed the state of India and its economy.

Economic Liberalisation

Reforms initiated in 1991 marked a shift towards a market-oriented economy, enhancing growth and development.

Impact on Sovereignty

Globalisation poses challenges to national sovereignty, as international organisations influence domestic policies.

Cultural Globalisation

Global cultural influences impact Indian society and politics, leading to both opportunities and challenges. Thus, the nature of the state of India is a complex interplay of constitutional provisions, socio-economic policies, and democratic practices. About this framework is essential for comprehending India’s political processes and its role on the global stage.