ISRO’s Successful CE20 Engine Sea-Level Test

December 16, 2024

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved a milestone by completing a sea-level test of its CE20 cryogenic engine, at the ISRO Propulsion Complex in Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, this test is crucial for upcoming space missions. The CE20 engine is designed to power the upper stage of the Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3).

Sea-Level Testing Challenges

Testing cryogenic engines at sea level presents unique challenges. The nozzle’s high area ratio leads to an exit pressure of about 50 mbar. Flow separation inside the nozzle can result in vibrations, heat issues, and potential damage. Typically, ISRO conducts tests at a High-Altitude Test (HAT) facility, but this is complex and costly.

Nozzle Protection System

To address sea-level testing challenges, ISRO developed a Nozzle Protection System. This innovative system simplifies the testing process, making it more affordable and less complicated. It mitigates the risks associated with flow separation, ensuring the nozzle’s integrity during tests.

Restarting the Cryogenic Engine

Restarting a cryogenic engine poses additional challenges. It requires starting the engine in a vacuum without closing the nozzle and utilising a multi-element igniter. ISRO previously demonstrated that the CE20 engine can start in a vacuum, which is achievement.

During the recent test, the CE20 engine and its systems performed as anticipated. All required parameters were successfully achieved. The CE20 engine has been used in six LVM3 missions, operating at a thrust level of 19 tonnes. For the upcoming Gaganyaan mission, the engine has been upgraded to provide a thrust of 20 tonnes, with plans to enhance it further to 22 tonnes for future missions carrying heavier payloads.

GKToday Facts for Exams:
CE20: The CE20 is a cryogenic engine developed by ISRO. It powers the upper stage of the Launch Vehicle Mark-3. It has been crucial for India’s space exploration efforts.
High-Altitude Test (HAT): HAT facilities are used for testing engines at high altitudes. These tests are complex and costly. ISRO typically prefers these for their cryogenic engines, like the CE20.
Nozzle Protection System: The Nozzle Protection System was developed by ISRO for sea-level tests. It mitigates risks of flow separation. This innovation simplifies testing and enhances engine performance during tests.

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