Indirect Tax Reforms in India

First Indirect Tax Reform occurred in India when the Modified Value Added Tax (MODVAT) was introduced for selected commodities in 1986 to replace the Central Excise Duty. It was gradually extended to all commodities through Central Value Added Tax (CENVAT). The states also followed the suit and enacted the VAT acts to replace the sales tax with Value Added Tax. Following are the key indirect tax reforms done.

Reduction in Custom Duties

In 1990, the custom duty on non-agricultural products was around 128%. It was brought down gradually. Currently, the average custom duties are 11-12%, however, they range from 0 to 150%.

Central Excise

Central Excise duties were first replaced with MODVAT and now CENVAT is applicable. The number of different types of duties was cut down.

Service Tax

Service tax was first introduced on some limited services in 1994-95 at 7%. The rate was gradually increased and so was the number of taxable services. Currently, we pay 14% service tax on around 100 services.

Direct Tax Code and Goods and Services Tax

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is so far the biggest tax reform in the country. It is currently entangled into the murky politics in parliament.