India’s Nuclear Energy Ambitions and Challenges

December 3, 2024

India has a long history with nuclear energy, with the Atomic Energy Commission established shortly after independence. Over 75 years, the country has developed a nuclear power capacity of 8,180 MW, which includes 2,000 MW from Russia. While this capacity is modest, India possesses the technology and uranium access to expand its nuclear sector.

Current Nuclear Capacity

India’s nuclear power capacity stands at 8,180 MW, which includes contributions from international partners. The country excels in pressurised heavy water reactors. India has a strong safety record in nuclear energy production.

Thorium’s Potential

Thorium is India’s second-largest energy resource after coal, which could play a vital role in future energy security. As coal usage declines due to climate concerns, thorium presents an alternative. However, India has yet to harness thorium for energy generation.

Three-Stage Nuclear Programme

Dr. Homi Bhabha designed India’s three-stage nuclear programme. The first stage uses natural uranium in pressurised heavy water reactors. The second stage employs plutonium-239 in fast-breeder reactors. The third stage aims to utilise thorium and plutonium-239 to create uranium-233. Progress has stalled at the second stage, hindering overall advancement.

Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System (ADSS)

The ADSS project involves generating neutrons with particle accelerators. This system could help produce energy and manage nuclear waste. Discussions began in 2003, but the project remains in early stages. Plans for a 1 GeV particle accelerator are only now being considered.

Delayed Projects

Several key projects face delays:

The 500 MW prototype fast-breeder reactor has not been completed since construction began in 2004.
The advanced heavy water reactor (AHWR) has been ready for over 20 years but awaits deployment approval.
The Indian high-temperature reactor (IHTR) is also delayed.

New technologies like small modular reactors are emerging. India must not delay its nuclear energy ambitions. Efficient fuels and innovative designs could help meet future energy needs.

Important Facts for Exams:
ADSS – The Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System uses particle accelerators to generate neutrons. It aims to produce energy and manage nuclear waste. The project is still in early development stages.
IHTR – The Indian High-Temperature Reactor is designed for producing green hydrogen. It has faced delays and remains uncompleted. Its potential could enhance India’s energy security in the future.
AHWR – The Advanced Heavy Water Reactor is an indigenous design ready for over 20 years. It could facilitate thorium use. Deployment decisions are still pending, affecting India’s nuclear ambitions.
PFBR – The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor construction began in 2004. Progress has stalled with no completion in sight. This project is crucial for advancing India’s three-stage nuclear programme.

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