India’s Foreign Policy – Relations with the People’s Republic of China [UGC-NTA Net Political Science]

December 6, 2014 December 28, 2024

India’s relationship with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is complex and multifaceted. It encompasses historical tensions, economic interdependence, and strategic considerations. This relationship has evolved since the establishment of the PRC in 1949, marked by events that have shaped both nations’ foreign policies.

Historical Background

The historical context of India-China relations is crucial for understanding their current dynamics.

Establishment of the PRC

– The People’s Republic of China was established on October 1, 1949. – This marked the beginning of a new era in Chinese governance under the Communist Party.

Diplomatic Relations

– India recognised the PRC in 1950, establishing formal diplomatic relations. – The Panchsheel Agreement was signed in 1954, focusing on mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Key Events

– The Sino-Indian War in 1962 arose from unresolved border disputes. – India suffered military defeat, altering its foreign policy approach.

Border Disputes

Border disputes have been a persistent issue in India-China relations.

McMahon Line and Aksai Chin

– The McMahon Line, drawn during British colonial rule, is a contentious point. – Aksai Chin remains a disputed territory, with both nations claiming sovereignty.

Economic Relations

Economic ties between India and China are extensive and growing.

Trade Volume

– Bilateral trade has surged, with China emerging as one of India’s largest trading partners. – As of 2021, the trade volume approximated $100 billion.

Trade Deficit

– India faces a substantial trade deficit, exceeding $50 billion. – Concerns arise regarding reliance on Chinese imports, particularly in electronics and machinery.

Political Relations

Political interactions between the two nations are shaped by various mechanisms.

Bilateral Mechanisms

– Multiple dialogues exist, including the Special Representatives talks on boundary issues. – These mechanisms aim to address and manage ongoing disputes.

Multilateral Cooperation

– Both nations are members of BRICS, encouraging cooperation among emerging economies. – They are also key members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which focuses on regional security.

Security Concerns

Security issues impact India-China relations.

Military Modernisation

– China’s military modernisation raises strategic concerns for India. – The expansion of China’s military capabilities is closely monitored by Indian defence analysts.

China-Pakistan Relations

– Close ties between China and Pakistan, particularly through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), pose security challenges. – India perceives these relations as a strategic threat.

LAC Tensions

– Ongoing skirmishes along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) have heightened tensions. – The 2020 Galwan clash in Ladakh brought into light the fragility of peace in the region.

Cultural and People-to-People Relations

Cultural exchanges play a role in shaping perceptions between the two nations.

Historical Ties

– Historical connections through Buddhism have encourageed cultural ties. – However, contemporary cultural exchanges remain limited.

Tourism

– Efforts to promote tourism between India and China exist. – Political tensions, however, have hindered these initiatives.

Recent Developments

Recent geopolitical events have influenced India-China relations.

COVID-19 Pandemic

– The origins of the pandemic strained relations, leading to geopolitical tensions. – Accusations regarding the handling of the virus have further complicated interactions.

Quad Alliance

– India’s participation in the Quad (with the US, Japan, and Australia) is seen as a counterbalance to China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific. – This alliance aims to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific region.

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

– India has expressed concerns over BRI projects in South Asia. – These projects are viewed as attempts by China to expand its influence in the region.