Bharatanatyam of the Dance Form

Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. It is one of the oldest dance styles, known for its grace and storytelling. The dance features a fixed upper torso, bent legs, intricate footwork, and expressive hand gestures called mudras. Facial expressions, or abhinaya, play important role in conveying emotions. Traditionally, Bharatanatyam was performed by women and is rooted in the Natya Shastra, an ancient Indian text on performing arts.

Historical Background

Origins

Bharatanatyam originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu. The dance was a form of worship and storytelling, often depicting tales from Hindu mythology.

Natya Shastra

The Natya Shastra is attributed to Bharata Muni. This ancient text outlines the principles of dance, drama, and music. It serves as a foundational guide for Bharatanatyam, detailing techniques and performance practices.

Devadasi Tradition

Historically, Bharatanatyam was performed by devadasis. These women were dedicated to temple service and trained in the art from a young age. The devadasi tradition played role in preserving and propagating the dance form.

Revival

In the early 20th century, Bharatanatyam experienced a revival. This transition from temple performances to the concert stage was largely due to artists like Rukmini Devi Arundale. She redefined the dance, making it more accessible and respected.

Structure of Bharatanatyam

Bharatanatyam performances are structured into several distinct sections:

Alarippu

• Definition – A rhythmic invocation that serves as a warm-up for the dancer.
• Characteristics – Involves simple footwork and movements, often accompanied by traditional music.

Jatiswaram

• Definition – A pure dance piece that combines rhythm and melody.
• Characteristics – Focuses on intricate footwork and patterns, showcasing technical skill without narrative content.

Varnam

• Definition – The centerpiece of a Bharatanatyam performance, combining expressive and rhythmic elements.
• Characteristics – Typically longer, includes a narrative expressing devotion or love, integrating abhinaya with complex rhythms.

Padams

• Definition – Shorter pieces conveying emotional themes, often based on poetry.
• Characteristics – Emphasises abhinaya, allowing the dancer to express a range of emotions through gestures and facial expressions.

Tillana

• Definition – A lively, rhythmic piece showcasing the dancer’s technical prowess.
• Characteristics – Often performed towards the end of a recital, featuring intricate footwork set to a fast tempo.

Shloka

• Definition – A concluding segment that may include a prayer or invocation.
• Characteristics – Expresses gratitude and concludes the performance on a spiritual note.

Performance Elements

Bharatanatyam incorporates various elements that contribute to its unique style:

Abhinaya

Definition – The art of expression in dance, conveying emotions and storytelling. Types – Includes four main types –

• Angika (body movements)
• Vachika (verbal)
• Aharya (costume and makeup)
• Satvika (internal emotions)

Mudras

• Definition – Hand gestures used to convey specific meanings and emotions.
• Types – There are 24 fundamental mudras, which can be combined to create complex expressions.

Costume and Makeup

• Costume – Dancers wear a sari or a specially designed costume with pleats that facilitate movement.
• Makeup – Elaborate makeup enhances facial expressions, often featuring bold eye makeup and decorative jewellery.

Music

• Accompaniment – Bharatanatyam is typically performed to live music, which includes instruments like the mridangam (drum), violin, and flute.
• Ragas and Talas – The music is based on specific ragas (melodic frameworks) and talas (rhythmic cycles), dictating the mood and tempo.

Stage and Setting

• Performance Space – Traditionally performed in temples, modern performances occur on various stages. These often include elaborate lighting and backdrops.
• Audience Interaction – Performances may involve interaction with the audience, enhancing the overall experience.

Training and Technique

Bharatanatyam training involves rigorous practice. Students typically start at a young age. Training includes learning footwork, hand gestures, and facial expressions.

Guru-Shishya Tradition

The traditional teacher-student relationship is crucial in Bharatanatyam. The guru imparts knowledge, techniques, and the cultural significance of the dance.

Physical Conditioning

Dancers undergo physical conditioning to enhance flexibility and strength. Regular practice helps develop endurance and precision in movements.

Global Influence

Bharatanatyam has gained international recognition. It is performed globally, promoting Indian culture and heritage. Many dance schools worldwide teach Bharatanatyam.

Fusion and Collaborations

Contemporary artists often blend Bharatanatyam with other dance forms. This fusion creates innovative performances, appealing to diverse audiences. Collaborations with musicians and visual artists expand the reach of Bharatanatyam.

Festivals and Competitions

Numerous festivals celebrate Bharatanatyam. Competitions showcase emerging talents, encouraging young dancers to excel. These events encourage community and cultural exchange.

Significance and Preservation

Bharatanatyam holds place in Indian culture. It reflects the country’s artistic heritage and spiritual traditions.

Cultural Identity

The dance form is a symbol of cultural identity for many. It connects performers to their roots and traditions.

Preservation Efforts

Various organisations work to preserve Bharatanatyam. They promote research, documentation, and education. These efforts ensure the dance form continues to thrive.

Contemporary Bharatanatyam

Today, Bharatanatyam evolves while retaining its traditional essence. Modern dancers explore new themes and narratives. This evolution keeps the dance relevant in contemporary society.

Innovative Themes

Contemporary performances often address social issues. Dancers use Bharatanatyam to express modern perspectives and challenges.

Digital Platforms

The rise of digital platforms has expanded the reach of Bharatanatyam. Online classes, performances, and workshops make the dance accessible to a global audience.