Governor in Indian Political Institutions [UGC-NTA Net Political Science]

The Governor serves as the constitutional head of a state in India, acting as the representative of the President of India. This role is very important in maintaining the balance of power within state governance. The Governor’s responsibilities encompass various functions in the executive and legislative domains, making the position crucial for the effective operation of state administration.

Definition and Role

The Governor is the constitutional head of a state. This role is defined in the Constitution of India. The Governor represents the President at the state level. They play a vital role in the functioning of the state government. The position is largely ceremonial but holds powers.

Appointment

The Governor is appointed by the President of India. There is no fixed term for their service; they serve at the President’s pleasure. To qualify for the position, a candidate must be:

1. A citizen of India.
2. At least 35 years old.
3. Not holding any office of profit under the Government of India or any state government.

Qualifications

To be appointed as a Governor, one must meet certain qualifications:

• Must be a citizen of India.
• Must be at least 35 years of age.
• Should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or any state government.

Powers and Functions

The Governor has various powers divided into categories:

Executive Powers

The Governor exercises executive powers, which include:

• Appointing the Chief Minister and other ministers.
• Appointing the Advocate General of the state.
• Appointing the State Election Commissioner.
• Summoning and proroguing the state legislature.

Legislative Powers

In terms of legislative functions, the Governor can:

• Summon and prorogue sessions of the state legislature.
• Give assent to bills passed by the legislature.
• Return a bill (except money bills) for reconsideration.
• Address the first session of the state legislature after each general election.

Financial Powers

The financial powers of the Governor include:

• No money bill can be introduced in the state legislature without the Governor’s recommendation.
• Causing the state budget to be laid before the legislature.

Judicial Powers

The Governor possesses judicial powers, such as:

• Granting pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment under Article 161.

Legislative Role

The Governor plays a key role in the legislative process. They can summon the legislature and dissolve the assembly. Additionally, the Governor has the authority to call for a joint session of the legislature.

Discretionary Powers

In certain situations, the Governor can act at their discretion, including:

• When no party has a clear majority after elections.
• When the Chief Minister advises the dissolution of the assembly without a majority.

Special Powers

The Governor has special powers to recommend:

• President’s Rule in the state under Article 356.
• The imposition of President’s Rule in case of failure of constitutional machinery.

Relationship with the Chief Minister

The Governor acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers, headed by the Chief Minister. However, the Governor retains the power to act independently in specific situations, especially during political crises.

Removal

The Governor can be removed by the President of India. There is no formal impeachment process. Removal is based on the discretion of the President.

Current Context

The role of Governors is often debated in political circles. Their discretionary powers and actions in sensitive situations are frequently scrutinised. This has led to discussions about the appropriateness of their roles in contemporary politics.

Important Articles in the Constitution

Several articles in the Constitution define the role of the Governor:

Notable Governors

Several Governors have made contributions or have been involved in controversies. For example, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, as the Governor of Uttar Pradesh, played important role in the implementation of social reforms. Conversely, some Governors faced criticism for their actions during political upheavals.

Recent Developments

The appointment and functioning of Governors have evolved over the years. Recent trends show an increasing political influence on the role. Changes in government at the Centre often lead to changes in state Governors. This has raised concerns about the impartiality of the office.

Impact of Political Changes

Political changes impact the role of Governors. Their actions can influence the stability of state governments. For instance, the recommendation of President’s Rule often leads to political ramifications. The relationship between the ruling party and the Governor can affect governance and policy implementation. Thus, the Governor’s role in the Indian political system is multifaceted. They are essential in maintaining constitutional order and facilitating governance at the state level. About the powers and functions of the Governor is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of state politics in India.