Global Salinity Crisis Threatens Food Security

Salinity affects nearly 1.4 billion hectares of land globally, representing about 10.7% of the Earth’s land area. A recent FAO report marks the pressing issue of salt-affected soils, released during the International Soil and Water Forum in December 2024, marking the first comprehensive study on this topic in 50 years.

About Salt-Affected Soils

Salt-affected soils contain high levels of salts or sodium, which severely hinder plant growth. Salinity diminishes soil fertility and poses environmental risks. In some regions, crop yields can drop by up to 70%, particularly for staple crops like rice and beans. Approximately 10% of both irrigated and rainfed cropland is currently impacted by salinity.

Key Statistics and Affected Regions

Ten countries account for 70% of the world’s salt-affected soils, including Afghanistan, Australia, and China. Australia has the largest affected area, with 357 million hectares. Countries like Oman and Uzbekistan experience over 90% of their land impacted by salinity. In India, 6.72 million hectares are affected, primarily in states like Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh.

Causes of Salinisation

Salinisation arises from both natural processes and human activities. Climate change exacerbates the issue by making arid regions drier and increasing sea levels. Human factors include the use of poor-quality irrigation water, deforestation, and excessive groundwater extraction, which contribute to rising salinity levels.

To combat salinity, the FAO report recommends implementing practices such as mulching and improved crop rotation. Developing salt-tolerant plant varieties and employing bioremediation techniques can also mitigate the effects. Stronger legal frameworks are essential for protecting saline ecosystems and promoting sustainable soil management, particularly in vulnerable areas.

GKToday Facts for Exams:

1. FAO – The Food and Agriculture Organization is a specialised agency of the United Nations. It leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security.
2. Salinisation – Salinisation is the process whereby water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil. It negatively impacts agriculture, reducing crop yields and soil fertility, especially in arid regions.
3. Bioremediation – Bioremediation uses microorganisms to remove or neutralise contaminants from soil and water. It is an eco-friendly method to restore salt-affected soils and improve agricultural productivity.
4. International Soil and Water Forum – This forum aims to address global soil degradation and water scarcity. It gathers experts to discuss sustainable practices for soil and water management.

Month: Current Affairs - December, 2024

Category: Environment Current Affairs