Glacier Thinning in Hindu Kush Himalaya

March 22, 2025

The world is witnessing alarming rates of glacier thinning, particularly in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region. A recent United Nations report marks that glaciers in this area are retreating 65% faster from 2011 to 2020 compared to the previous decade. This report was released on World Day for Glaciers and puts stress on the urgency of addressing climate change.

Importance of HKH Glacier

The HKH region, known as the “Third Pole,” is critical for water supply. It spans five million square kilometres and contains about 100,000 square kilometres of glaciers. These glaciers feed ten major river systems that support nearly two billion people. A rise in global temperatures could lead to decline in glacier volume by 2100, threatening water security for millions.

Projected Glacier Losses

If global temperatures rise by 1.5 to 2°C, glacier volume in the HKH could decrease by 30-50% by 2100. Should temperatures exceed 2°C, the loss could escalate to 45% of the 2020 volume. Globally, mountain glaciers are expected to lose 26-41% of their mass by 2100, exacerbating water crises.

Hazards from Glacier Melts

Melting glaciers pose serious hazards. They lead to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and increase the risk of flash floods and landslides. Since the 1990s, the number of glacial lakes has surged. GLOFs have resulted in over 12,000 fatalities in the past 200 years, with the HKH region accounting for portion.

Impact on Local Communities

Mountain communities rely on glaciers for freshwater and agriculture. However, climate change affects hydropower generation and water availability. Industries like lithium mining exacerbate water stress. The production of one tonne of lithium requires approximately 2,000 cubic metres of water, impacting local resources.

Governance and Cooperation Challenges

Water governance in mountainous regions is often weak. The lack of effective transboundary cooperation hampers data sharing, crucial for disaster risk reduction. Mistrust among riparian countries limits collaborative efforts, which are essential for managing shared water resources.

Recommendations for Action

The report outlines six key actions for the HKH region. These include promoting sustainable cooperation, recognising the unique needs of local populations, and taking concerted climate action to limit global warming. Additionally, enhancing ecosystem resilience and engaging in data-sharing initiatives are vital for addressing the challenges posed by climate change.

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