Germany Faces First FMD Outbreak in Decades

January 13, 2025

Germany has reported its first outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in nearly 40 years. The outbreak occurred in a herd of water buffalo near Berlin and presents challenge for local agriculture. In response, authorities have euthanised the affected animals and established a 3-kilometre exclusion zone, accompanied by a 10-kilometre monitoring area. These measures aim to prevent further spread of the disease. Despite the outbreak, no national or international measures are currently planned, as Germany and the EU are still recognised as free of the disease.

About Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)

FMD is a highly contagious viral disease that affects livestock, including cattle, sheep, goats, and swine. It is classified as a transboundary animal disease (TAD) and can have a devastating economic impact on agriculture. The disease is caused by an Aphthovirus from the Picornaviridae family, with seven strains identified worldwide. Symptoms of FMD include fever, blisters in the mouth and on the feet, drooling, and lameness.

Global Impact and Prevalence

FMD is prevalent in parts of Africa, Asia, and South America, affecting approximately 77% of the global livestock population. Countries that are free of FMD without vaccination remain vulnerable to outbreaks. The economic burden of FMD is disproportionately borne by low-income and lower-middle-income countries, which account for 75% of prevention and control costs. Africa and Eurasia incur the highest costs, representing 50% and 33% of total expenses, respectively.

Control Measures and Vaccination

Preventing FMD relies on early detection and effective surveillance systems. Vaccination is critical, as each strain of the virus requires a specific vaccine to provide immunity. The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) has established a list of disease-free countries, which can be recognised as free of FMD either entirely or in specific zones. Germany’s recent outbreak puts stress on the importance of stringent control measures and rapid response to any signs of the disease.

Historical Context of FMD in Germany

Germany last reported an FMD outbreak in 1988 in Lower Saxony. The country has successfully maintained its FMD-free status for decades. The last confirmed case in Europe occurred in Bulgaria in 2011. However, FMD continues to be endemic in Turkey, the Middle East, and parts of Africa and Asia. Illegally imported animal products from these regions pose threat to European agriculture.

FMD was eradicated in the USA in 1929.
The last German outbreak before 2025 was in 1988.
75% of FMD control costs are borne by low-income countries.
FMD affects cloven-hoofed animals, including deer.
WOAH maintains a list of disease-free countries for FMD.

The Role of the World Organisation for Animal Health

WOAH has acknowledged Germany’s outbreak notification and emphasised the need for vigilance. While FMD is not a public health concern, its economic impact necessitates ongoing monitoring and rapid response strategies. The organisation is committed to supporting its members in preventing and managing FMD risks through collaboration and resource sharing.

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