Farmers’ Movement in India [UGC NTA NET Political Science Notes]

The Farmers’ Movement represents a collective struggle by farmers to address pressing issues such as land rights, fair crop prices, debt relief, and opposition to neoliberal agricultural policies. These movements often arise in response to policies that threaten farmers’ livelihoods.

Key Focus Areas

• Land Rights – Farmers seek to secure their land ownership and prevent unjust acquisition.
• Fair Prices – There is a continuous demand for just remuneration for crops.
• Debt Relief – High levels of indebtedness among farmers lead to calls for financial support.
• Opposition to Neoliberal Policies – Farmers resist policies that favour corporate interests over their welfare.

Historical Background

Pre-Independence Era

The roots of the Farmers’ Movement can be traced back to the pre-independence era. Peasant uprisings, such as the Champaran Satyagraha in 1917 and the Kheda Satyagraha in 1918, were very important in challenging oppressive land revenue systems like zamindari. These movements brought into light the plight of farmers and set the stage for future activism.

Post-Independence Era

After independence in 1947, the Green Revolution in the 1960s transformed Indian agriculture. While it increased food production, it also led to the emergence of organised farmers’ unions, as many farmers felt neglected by government policies.

Major Farmers’ Movements

Kisan Sabha Movement (1936)

The Kisan Sabha Movement was crucial in forming Kisan Sabhas, which aimed to address agrarian issues. This movement laid the groundwork for future farmer organisations.

Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU)

Established in 1980, the BKU became force in mobilising farmers, particularly in North India. It played a vital role in advocating for farmers’ rights and interests.

Farmers’ Agitation (2020-2021)

The recent farmers’ agitation against the three farm laws introduced by the Government of India marked chapter in the movement. Farmers protested for over a year, demanding the repeal of these laws and a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price (MSP).

Key Issues Addressed

Land Rights

Farmers have fought against land acquisition and displacement, often facing challenges from industrialisation and urbanisation.

Debt and Economic Viability

High levels of indebtedness among farmers have led to tragic outcomes, including suicides. The movement seeks to address these economic pressures.

Market Access

Farmers demand fair pricing and better access to markets. Many feel exploited by middlemen and seek direct access to consumers.

Agricultural Policies

Opposition to the privatisation and deregulation of agriculture has been a key focus. Farmers argue that these policies threaten their livelihoods.

Major Organizations Involved

• Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU): A key player in mobilising farmers, especially in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
• All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS): A leftist organisation advocating for farmers’ rights.
• Kisan Mazdoor Sangharsh Committee (KMSC): Focuses on the rights of marginalised farmers.

Government Response

Legislative Measures

The Government introduced the Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce Act, 2020, and the Farmers’ (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020. These laws aimed to reform agricultural marketing.

Reactions

The introduction of these laws sparked widespread protests across the country. The protests culminated in the eventual repeal of the three farm laws in November 2021, marking victory for the farmers.

Impact of the Movement

Social Impact

The movement has increased public awareness about farmers’ issues. Many citizens now understand the challenges faced by farmers, encouraging greater empathy and support.

Political Impact

Political strategies of major parties have shifted in response to the movement. Parties are now more attuned to agrarian concerns, recognising the importance of farmers in electoral politics.

Policy Changes

The agitation has led to discussions on MSP and agricultural reforms in political discourse. Farmers’ issues are now more prominent in policy discussions.

Current Trends and Future Directions

Continued Mobilization

Ongoing efforts focus on climate change, sustainable agriculture, and farmer welfare. Farmers are increasingly aware of the need for sustainable practices.

Digital Activism

Social media platforms have become vital tools for mobilising support and raising awareness about farmers’ issues. Campaigns often go viral, reaching a broad audience.

Coalition Building

Farmers are forming coalitions with other social movements, such as labour and environmental groups. This collaboration strengthens their position and amplifies their demands.