Ethnic Tensions in Manipur

March 27, 2025

The ethnic conflict in Manipur has drawn attention to the volatile region between Churachandpur and Bishnupur districts. This area has experienced violence, marked by recent clashes that resulted in loss of life. Various communities, including the Zomi, Hmar, and Kuki, are engaged in a struggle for power and representation.

Background of the Zo People

The Zo people are an ethnolinguistic group speaking Kuki-Chin languages. They are believed to have settled in Myanmar thousands of years ago, migrating from China. Over time, various tribes such as Chin, Kuki, Mizo, and Hmar emerged. Today, many Zo people reside in Manipur, Mizoram, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Their shared history and cultural ties bind them together despite their diverse identities.

The Role of Community Identity

Community identity plays important role in the ongoing conflict. The Zomi community rejects the term “Kuki,” viewing it as a colonial imposition. This rejection stems from a desire to maintain distinct identities. The competition for representation among the tribes complicates the peace process, as each group seeks recognition of its unique heritage and claims of support.

Recent Developments and Clashes

Recent clashes erupted after a drunken brawl escalated into violence between the Zomi and Hmar-Kuki communities. This incident marks the fragility of peace in Churachandpur. Following the violence, community leaders signed a joint agreement to restore peace. However, tensions remain as groups continue to vie for political representation and influence.

Efforts for Peace and Dialogue

Efforts to broker peace have included meetings between influential leaders from the Zomi Reunification Organisation and the Kuki National Organisation. These discussions aim to establish a cessation of hostilities. However, mistrust persists, with accusations of exclusion from dialogues with the Meitei community. This dynamic complicates the process of achieving lasting peace.

The Concept of Zo Reunification

The idea of “Zo reunification” resonates among many, despite political challenges. The Zo people are spread across borders, leading to calls for a unified administrative unit. While the movement for reunification has stalled, it remains emotional and cultural aspiration for many Zo individuals.

The Influence of Religion

Religion also plays a role in the identity of the Zo people. Traditionally animist, many have converted to Protestant Christianity due to missionary influence. This shared religious background further unites the diverse tribes within the Zo community, even as they navigate their differences.

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