Emerging Trends in Federalism in India [UGC-NTA Net Political Science]

Federalism in India is a complex and evolving system, characterised by the distribution of powers between the central government and state governments. This structure has been shaped by historical, political, and social factors. Recent trends indicate a shift towards greater autonomy for states, increased cooperation, and the emergence of regional parties.

Devolution of Powers

The devolution of powers has marked trend in Indian federalism.

• The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments have empowered local self-governance.
• State governments now have greater autonomy in sectors like education, health, and agriculture.
• For instance, states like Kerala have implemented innovative health policies reflecting this autonomy.

Inter-State Relations

Inter-state relations are crucial for maintaining federal harmony.

• The Inter-State Council was formed under Article 263 to facilitate cooperation.
• Dispute resolution mechanisms have been established to address conflicts between states.
• Cooperative federalism has gained importance, with states collaborating on issues like water sharing.

Role of the Finance Commission

The Finance Commission plays a very important role in fiscal federalism.

• It regularly recommends the distribution of tax revenues between the Centre and states.
• The 15th Finance Commission (2020-2025) focuses on equitable distribution and fiscal discipline.
• This has implications for state budgets and development initiatives.

Centralization vs. Decentralization

A tension exists between central authority and state autonomy.

• Article 356, allowing President’s Rule, has been used to centralise power in states.
• Recent crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have seen increased centralisation in health policies.
• This has raised concerns about the erosion of state powers.

Judicial Interpretation

The Supreme Court has played role in shaping federalism.

• Landmark cases like S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994) have reinforced state autonomy.
• The court has expanded the doctrine of “cooperative federalism,” promoting collaboration.
• Judicial interpretation continues to influence the balance of power.

Emergence of Regional Parties

Regional political parties have gained prominence in Indian politics.

• These parties advocate for state rights and interests, reshaping the federal dynamics.
• For example, parties like the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) assert regional identity and autonomy.
• Their impact on national policy-making is , often influencing coalition governments.

Economic Federalism

Economic federalism has evolved with reforms like the Goods and Services Tax (GST).

• GST aims to streamline taxation and enhance revenue-sharing among states.
• However, challenges remain in its implementation and equitable distribution of resources.
• Economic disparities among states complicate federal relations and policy alignment.

Role of Technology

Technology has transformed federal governance.

• E-governance initiatives have enhanced state capabilities in service delivery.
• Digital platforms facilitate better communication between the Centre and states.
• For instance, technology has been used effectively in disaster management and public health responses.

Environmental Federalism

States are increasingly proactive in environmental policies.

• Many states have initiated policies addressing climate change and resource management.
• Conflicts often arise between state and central policies, particularly in resource allocation.
• For example, states like Maharashtra have implemented stringent environmental regulations.

Social Justice and Federalism

Federalism plays a critical role in promoting social justice.

• It addresses social inequalities and empowers marginalized communities.
• Reservation policies are implemented at state levels to enhance representation.
• States like Tamil Nadu have robust reservation systems benefiting various communities.

Impact of Globalization

Globalisation has influenced state autonomy.

• International economic policies affect local governance and decision-making.
• States are engaging in international relations and trade agreements.
• For instance, states like Gujarat actively promote investment and trade relations abroad.

Federalism and National Security

Coordination between the Centre and states is vital for national security.

• States play important role in counter-terrorism and law enforcement.
• Collaborative efforts are essential for maintaining internal security.
• For example, states like Punjab have proactive measures to combat terrorism.

Political Dynamics

Coalition politics impact federal relations.

• Shifting alliances among states influence national policy-making.
• Coalition governments often require negotiation and compromise.
• This dynamic can lead to both cooperation and conflict in federal governance.

Constitutional Amendments

Recent constitutional amendments have affected the federal structure.

• The 101st Amendment for GST is a notable example of reform in federalism.
• Discussions continue on the need for further reforms to enhance state powers.
• Amendments aim to balance the relationship between the Centre and states.

Public Policy and Federalism

Public policy implementation varies across states.

• States have distinct approaches to health, education, and welfare policies.
• For example, Kerala’s health model contrasts with that of Uttar Pradesh.
• This variation reflects the diverse socio-economic contexts of states.

Crisis Management

Federalism plays a critical role in crisis management.

• The federal response to natural disasters is coordinated through various agencies.
• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) oversees these efforts.
• Effective coordination can enhance resilience and recovery in affected states.

Future Directions

The future of federalism in India remains a topic of debate.

• Ongoing discussions focus on balancing power between the Centre and states.
• Potential reforms aim to strengthen the federal structure and enhance state autonomy.
• These developments will shape the political landscape for years to come.