Elephant Deaths Linked to Toxic Kodo Millet in India

November 4, 2024

Ten wild elephants from a herd of 13 have died in Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve. The cause is suspected to be mycotoxins from Kodo millet. This incident marks the dangers of Kodo millet and its potential toxicity.

What is Kodo Millet?

Kodo millet, scientifically known as Paspalum scrobiculatum, is a type of grain grown in India and several other countries. It is also called Kodra and Varagu. Madhya Pradesh is one of the largest producers of kodo millet in India. It thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, often in poor soils.

Why Do Farmers Grow Kodo Millets?

Kodo millet is a staple for many tribal communities. It is drought-tolerant and has a high yield potential. The grain is rich in vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. It is gluten-free and easy to digest, making it a healthy choice.

History of Kodo Poisoning

The first documented case of kodo millet poisoning dates back to 1922. Four individuals became unconscious after consuming bread made from kodo flour. The first animal case was reported the same year, involving a dog that ate kodo bread. Research in the mid-1980s linked kodo millet to mycotoxins, particularly cyclopiazonic acid (CPA).

How Does Kodo Millet Become Poisonous?

Kodo millet is often grown in dry areas but can become infected with fungi under certain conditions. Fungal infections lead to mycotoxin production, particularly CPA, which is harmful. Rain during harvesting can increase the risk of contamination.

Impact of Toxic Grain on Animals

Kodo poisoning affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Symptoms include vomiting, giddiness, and unconsciousness. In elephants, these symptoms were observed in the recent cases. Toxicity can lead to severe health issues, including liver dysfunction and gastrointestinal disorders.

Solutions to Kodo Toxicity

Researchers suggest using biocontrol agents to combat fungal infections. This includes introducing non-toxic strains of fungi to fields. Good agricultural practices are essential. Farmers should ensure proper storage and sorting of grains to reduce mycotoxin levels.

Recent Cases of Kodo Poisoning

In 2022, one elephant died from kodo poisoning. There have been no reported human fatalities due to Kodo millet, as treatment can effectively reverse symptoms.

Detection of Mycotoxins in Kodo Millets

Detecting toxicity in Kodo millet is challenging. Visual inspection is often insufficient. Chemical analysis is required for accurate detection. Techniques like gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography are commonly used. Rapid tests like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are gaining popularity for on-site detection.

Kodo millet is a valuable crop, but its potential toxicity poses risks to wildlife and possibly to humans. Awareness and management practices are crucial to mitigate these risks.

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