Cyber Security in India’s Foreign Policy [UGC-NTA NET Political Science Notes]

India’s foreign policy increasingly grapples with the complexities of cyber security. As the digital landscape evolves, so do the threats and challenges associated with it. Cyber security is now integral to national security, economic stability, and public safety.

Definition of Cyber Security

Cyber security refers to the protection of internet-connected systems. This includes hardware, software, and data from cyber threats. It encompasses measures that defend against unauthorized access, attacks, and damage to systems.

Importance of Cyber Security

Cyber security is vital for several reasons:

• Safeguards national security from cyber threats.
• Ensures economic stability by protecting financial systems.
• Maintains public safety through secure infrastructure.
• Protects critical infrastructure, such as power grids and transportation systems.
• Essential for maintaining trust in digital services and e-governance.

Cyber Threat Landscape

About the cyber threat landscape is crucial for effective policy formulation.

Types of Threats

Cyber threats can be categorised into several types:

• Malware – Malicious software designed to harm systems.
• Ransomware – Software that encrypts data for ransom.
• Phishing – Deceptive attempts to obtain sensitive information.
• DDoS Attacks – Overloading systems to disrupt services.
• Insider Threats – Risks posed by individuals within an organisation.

Actors

Various actors contribute to the cyber threat landscape:

• State-sponsored actors – Governments engaging in cyber operations.
• Hacktivists – Individuals or groups promoting political agendas.
• Cybercriminals – Individuals seeking financial gain.
• Terrorist organisations – Groups using cyber means for harmful objectives.

Emerging Threats

New technologies bring emerging threats:

• IoT Vulnerabilities – Weaknesses in connected devices.
• AI-driven Attacks – Use of artificial intelligence to enhance attacks.
• Quantum Computing Risks – Potential to break existing encryption methods.

India’s Cyber Security Framework

India’s approach to cyber security is structured around policies, institutions, and legislation.

Policies

Key policies include:

• National Cyber Security Policy (2013) – Aims to create a secure cyberspace.
• Cyber Security Strategy (2020) – Focuses on resilience and response to cyber incidents.

Institutions

Several institutions play crucial roles:

• Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) – Handles incident response.
• National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC) – Oversees policy implementation.

Legislation

The legislative framework includes:

• Information Technology Act (2000) – Provides a legal basis for addressing cyber crimes.

International Cooperation

India engages in various international collaborations to boost cyber security.

Bilateral Agreements

India has established partnerships with several countries:

• USA – Collaborations on cyber security initiatives.
• Japan – Joint efforts in technology sharing.
• Australia – Focus on regional cyber security strategies.

Multilateral Forums

India participates in multilateral discussions:

• UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) – Engages in global cyber security norms.
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) – Focuses on regional cyber security issues.

Cyber Diplomacy

India promotes norms for responsible state behaviour in cyberspace.

Multi-Stakeholder Approach

Advocacy for a multi-stakeholder approach is essential. This involves collaboration among:

• Governments
• Private sector
• Civil society

Challenges in Cyber Security

India faces several challenges in enhancing cyber security.

Capacity Building

There is a pressing need for:

• Skilled workforce – Training programs are essential.
• Educational initiatives – Promote cyber security awareness.

Infrastructure Vulnerabilities

Challenges include:

• Aging technology – Many systems require upgrades.
• Lack of investment – Insufficient funding for cyber defenses.

Legal and Regulatory Gaps

The legal framework must evolve:

• Updated laws – Address new and emerging cyber threats.

Geopolitical Tensions

Cyber warfare is a growing concern.

• Espionage – Nations increasingly engage in cyber espionage.
• Regional conflicts – Tensions with neighbouring countries escalate risks.

Cyber Security Initiatives

India has launched several initiatives to strengthen cyber security.

Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative

This initiative aims to create a secure cyber ecosystem. It focuses on:

• Enhancing security for businesses and citizens.
• Promoting best practices in cyber hygiene.

Digital India Program

The Digital India initiative enhances digital infrastructure. It ensures security measures are integrated into development.

Future Directions

Looking ahead, India must focus on several key areas.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Emphasis on AI and ML will enhance threat detection. These technologies can identify patterns and predict potential attacks.

National Cyber Security Strategy 2.0

Development of this strategy will address evolving threats. It aims to create a comprehensive framework for cyber security.

Public-Private Partnerships

Strengthening collaborations between sectors is vital. This will enhance overall cyber resilience.

Case Studies

Learning from past cyber incidents is crucial.

Recent Cyber Attacks

High-profile incidents include:

• 2020 Indian Army Data Breach – Compromised sensitive information.
• 2021 Ransomware Attack on Indian Hospitals – Disrupted healthcare services.

Response Mechanisms

The government and private sector have implemented various responses:

• Incident response teams mobilised quickly.
• Public awareness campaigns launched to educate citizens.