Conservatism [UGC NTA NET Political Science Notes]

Conservatism is defined as a political philosophy that emphasises the importance of tradition and established institutions. It is sceptical of rapid change and radical reforms. The core belief is that societal stability is best maintained through continuity and respect for historical practices.

Historical Background

Conservatism emerged in the late 18th century. The French Revolution prompted thinkers to advocate for a return to order and stability. Key figures include:

• Edmund Burke – Criticised the Revolution for its excesses and advocated for gradual reform.
• Joseph de Maistre – Argued for the necessity of authority and monarchy.
• Alexis de Tocqueville – Explored the effects of democracy on society.

Key Principles of Conservatism

Conservatism is built on several foundational principles:

1. Tradition: Emphasises the importance of historical continuity and cultural heritage.
2. Authority: Supports established authority and societal hierarchy.
3. Organic Society: Views society as a living organism, with each part playing a vital role.
4. Scepticism of Human Nature: Believes in the flawed nature of humans, necessitating governance and order.
5. Gradual Change: Prefers gradual reform over radical change.

Types of Conservatism

Conservatism can be categorised into various types:

• Traditional Conservatism: Focuses on preserving established institutions and customs.
• Social Conservatism: Emphasises moral values and social order, often influenced by religious beliefs.
• Fiscal Conservatism: Advocates for limited government spending, low taxes, and free markets.
• Libertarian Conservatism: Combines conservative social values with libertarian economic principles.

Key Thinkers and Their Contributions

Several thinkers have shaped conservative thought:

• Edmund Burke: Advocated for gradual change and the preservation of tradition.
• Joseph de Maistre: Emphasised the necessity of authority and the dangers of revolution.
• Friedrich Hayek: Critiqued socialism and promoted free-market capitalism.
• Russell Kirk: Defined conservatism as a philosophy of human imperfection and moral order.

Conservatism in Practice

Conservatism manifests in various political parties and policies:

• Political Parties: Examples include the Conservative Party in the UK and the Republican Party in the USA.
• Policies: Focus on law and order, family values, national sovereignty, and economic liberalism.

Critiques of Conservatism

Conservatism faces several critiques:

• It is often accused of resisting necessary social change.
• Critics argue it upholds inequalities and maintains the status quo.
• Some view it as elitist and disconnected from modern societal needs.

Contemporary Conservatism

The 21st century has seen the rise of populist conservatism:

• Movements such as Trumpism and Brexit highlight a focus on nationalism.
• Anti-globalisation sentiments and immigration control are prevalent themes.
• Social media has transformed political engagement, allowing for new forms of activism.

Global Perspectives on Conservatism

Conservatism varies across cultures:

• American Conservatism: Often characterised by individualism and free-market principles.
• European Conservatism: Influenced by Christian democracy and social market principles.
• Asian Conservatism: May incorporate unique cultural and historical contexts.

Key Terms and Concepts

Several terms are essential to understanding conservatism:

• Counter-Revolution: A reaction against revolutionary movements.
• Cultural Conservatism: Focuses on preserving cultural heritage and values.
• Neoconservatism: A modern variant that emphasises a proactive foreign policy.

Important Events Influencing Conservatism

Several historical events have shaped conservatism:

• The French Revolution (1789): Prompted a conservative backlash against radical change.
• The Industrial Revolution: Led to social upheaval, necessitating conservative responses.
• The Cold War: Saw the rise of conservative movements in opposition to communism.

Conservatism and Other Ideologies

Conservatism is often compared to other political ideologies:

• Liberalism: Differences lie in views on change, individualism, and the role of the state.
• Socialism: Conservatism opposes socialist principles, particularly regarding state control and economic equality.