Chapter 3: In The Earliest Cities

The Harappan civilization, one of the earliest urban cultures of the Indian subcontinent, presents a fascinating chapter in human history. This ancient civilization, known for its advanced city planning, sophisticated craftsmanship, and vibrant trade networks, offers insights into early urban life.

Discovery and Legacy of Harappa

Nearly 150 years ago, the discovery of Harappa was accidental, stemming from the British colonial era’s need for building materials for railway construction. This initial encounter with the mound, rich in high-quality bricks, led to significant destruction before its historical value was recognized. About eighty years ago, archaeologists identified Harappa as one of the subcontinent’s oldest cities, giving its name to similar archaeological sites across the region, all classified under the Harappan civilization.

Architectural Ingenuity and Urban Planning

Harappan cities such as Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and Lothal were marvels of urban planning and architectural design, characterized by:

• Division of City Layout: Cities were often divided into the ‘Citadel’, a higher and smaller area believed to house the elite and religious buildings, and the ‘Lower Town’, where the general populace lived.
• Advanced Infrastructure: The cities featured interlocking brickwork, covered drains, and well-laid streets, indicating sophisticated engineering knowledge. The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro, lined with bricks and sealed with tar, highlights their expertise in creating water-tight structures.
• Residential Designs: Most houses were built around a courtyard, with a focus on privacy and functionality. Separate bathing areas and in-house wells underlined the emphasis on hygiene and accessibility.

Social and Economic Fabric

The Harappan society was highly organized, with a clear division of labor and a hierarchy that likely included rulers, scribes, craftsmen, and traders. The presence of specialized craftspeople working in areas such as bead making, metalworking, and pottery is indicative of a complex economic system. Raw materials were sourced both locally and from distant lands, demonstrating an extensive trade network that reached as far as present-day Rajasthan, Oman, Afghanistan, and beyond.

Cultural Artifacts and Craftsmanship

Unique objects found across Harappan sites include:

• Seals and Sealings: These stone seals, often adorned with animal motifs and used to secure goods, provide evidence of regulated trade and communication systems.
• Terracotta Toys and Figurines: Reflecting aspects of daily life and religious practices, these artifacts offer a glimpse into the cultural and recreational activities of the Harappan people.
• Faience and Metalwork: The use of materials like faience for beads and bangles, and metals for tools and ornaments, showcases their advanced material manipulation and aesthetic sensibilities.

Challenges and Decline

Around 3900 years ago, the Harappan cities began to show signs of decline. The reasons for this downturn are still debated among scholars, with theories ranging from environmental changes, such as river drying or deforestation, to socio-political disruptions. This decline led to the abandonment of major sites and a shift in population to new areas, setting the stage for the rise of subsequent cultures.

Reflections on Preservation and Heritage

The initial destruction of Harappa by railway construction and the later recognition of its value highlight the ongoing debate about the preservation of historical sites. As modern societies continue to evolve, the story of Harappa serves as a poignant reminder of the need to balance development with the preservation of our cultural heritage.

Conclusion: Learning from the Past

The Harappan civilization, with its rich legacy of urban planning, craftsmanship, and socio-economic organization, continues to fascinate and educate. By studying this ancient culture, we gain valuable insights into the capabilities and challenges of early urban societies, informing both historical scholarship and contemporary urban development strategies.