Chandrayaan-3 Discovers Ice Beneath Moon’s Surface

March 7, 2025

Recent findings from the Chandrayaan-3 mission have revealed the potential presence of ice beneath the Moon’s surface, particularly at the poles. This discovery is for future lunar exploration and understanding the Moon’s geological history. The study was conducted by researchers analysing temperature data collected by the mission’s ‘ChaSTE’ probe.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission Overview

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is an initiative by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Launched from Bengaluru, it successfully landed near the Moon’s south pole on August 23, 2023. The landing site, named ‘Shiv Shakti Point‘, is located at approximately 69 degrees south latitude.

Temperature Measurements

The ChaSTE probe measured temperatures at and up to 10 centimetres beneath the lunar surface. It recorded extreme temperature variations, peaking at 82 degrees Celsius during the day and dropping to -170 degrees Celsius at night. These temperature fluctuations are crucial for understanding the formation of ice.

Impact of Slope on Temperature

The study found that the slope of the landing site affects surface temperature . A slope angled at six degrees received more solar radiation, leading to higher temperatures. In contrast, flat surfaces nearby recorded lower temperatures. The research suggests that slopes facing away from the Sun could be cool enough for ice to form.

Ice Accumulation Potential

The researchers developed a model indicating that slopes inclined greater than 14 degrees at high latitudes might allow ice to accumulate close to the surface. This model aligns with proposed landing sites for NASA’s Artemis mission, indicating multiple locations where ice may form and be more accessible than previously thought.

Implications for Future Exploration

The presence of ice is critical for future lunar missions. While liquid water cannot exist on the Moon’s surface due to its ultra-high vacuum conditions, ice could serve as a resource for exploration. Effective techniques for ice extraction and utilisation will be essential for long-term sustainability on the Moon.

Scientific Importance

The findings from the ChaSTE probe not only highlight temperature variability but also suggest that high-latitude regions are promising sites for scouting water-ice. These areas present fewer technical challenges for exploration compared to regions closer to the poles.

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