Caste in Political Processes in India – UGC-NTA NET Political Science

Caste is a fundamental aspect of Indian society, influencing various dimensions of life, including politics. It serves as a critical marker of identity, shaping social interactions and political affiliations.

Definition of Caste

Caste refers to a hierarchical social stratification system prevalent in India. It traditionally divides society into four main categories:

1. Brahmins: Priests and scholars.
2. Kshatriyas: Warriors and rulers.
3. Vaishyas: Traders and agriculturalists.
4. Shudras: Labourers and service providers.

Within these categories, there are numerous sub-castes, known as jatis. This complex structure has deep roots in Indian culture and has evolved over centuries.

Historical Context

The origins of the caste system can be traced back to ancient texts such as the Rigveda and Manusmriti. These texts laid the foundation for social hierarchies. Over time, caste has transformed due to various socio-economic and political factors. British colonial policies, particularly census operations, played important role in solidifying caste identities. By categorising people based on caste, the British reinforced divisions that had existed but were not as rigidly defined.

Caste and Identity Politics

Caste serves as marker of identity in India. It has been mobilised for political purposes, especially after independence. Political parties have emerged that cater specifically to caste-based interests. For instance, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) champions the rights of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Other Backward Classes (OBC). Similarly, the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) focuses on the interests of the Yadav community. These parties have reshaped the political landscape in many states.

Caste and Reservation Policy

India’s reservation policy aims to provide affirmative action in education and employment for historically disadvantaged groups. The categories include:

• Scheduled Castes (SC)
• Scheduled Tribes (ST)
• Other Backward Classes (OBC)

This policy has sparked controversies and debates. There are ongoing demands for the inclusion of new castes in these categories, reflecting the evolving nature of caste dynamics.

Caste in Electoral Politics

Caste influences voting behaviour and electoral outcomes. Caste alliances and coalitions play a vital role in elections. Political leaders often rely on caste leaders to mobilise voters effectively. For example, in Uttar Pradesh, caste-based voting patterns have been evident, where parties seek to consolidate votes from specific castes to secure electoral victory.

Caste and Social Movements

Social movements have emerged to challenge caste-based discrimination. The Dalit movement, particularly the Ambedkarite movement, advocates for social justice and equality. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society groups also play a critical role in advocating for caste rights. These movements often intersect with other identities, such as gender and class, denoting the multifaceted nature of social justice.

Caste in Contemporary India

Despite legal frameworks against caste discrimination, caste-based discrimination and violence persist in contemporary India. Urban areas have seen a rise in caste-based identity politics, driven by economic changes and globalisation. The impact of globalisation has altered caste dynamics, with new economic opportunities challenging traditional caste roles. However, caste identities remain influential in social and political spheres.

Legal Framework

The Constitution of India includes provisions against caste discrimination. Key articles include:

• Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• Article 17: Abolishes “untouchability.”

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, aims to protect SC/ST individuals from discrimination and violence. Ongoing legal battles continue regarding caste-based reservations and rights.

Caste and Media Representation

Caste issues are often represented in mainstream media and cinema. Films and television shows sometimes depict caste dynamics, influencing public perceptions. Social media has emerged as a powerful tool for caste mobilisation and awareness. Activists use these platforms to address caste discrimination and rally support for social justice.

Caste and Education

Disparities in educational access persist among different castes. Marginalised castes often face barriers to quality education. Educational institutions can either perpetuate or challenge caste hierarchies. Initiatives aimed at improving educational outcomes for lower castes are crucial for social equity.

Caste and Economic Status

Economic disparities are closely linked to caste identities. Lower castes often experience limited employment opportunities and lower income levels. Government schemes aim to uplift economically disadvantaged castes through skill development and financial assistance. These initiatives are vital for reducing economic inequalities.

Caste and Gender

The intersectionality of caste and gender creates unique challenges for women from marginalised castes. They often face compounded discrimination based on both caste and gender. Feminist movements are increasingly addressing caste-based gender discrimination. These movements advocate for the rights and empowerment of women across caste lines.

Global Perspectives on Caste

Globally, caste can be compared to other forms of social stratification, such as race and class. In diaspora communities, caste identities may persist, influencing social dynamics abroad. International human rights discourse increasingly addresses caste discrimination, denoting the need for global awareness and action against caste-based injustices.

Key Thinkers and Theorists

Several key thinkers have contributed to the understanding of caste:

• B.R. Ambedkar: Critiqued caste systems and advocated for social justice and equality.
• M.N. Srinivas: Introduced the concept of ‘Sanskritization,’ explaining how lower castes seek upward mobility.
• Louis Dumont: Analysed caste as a system of social hierarchy and its implications for Indian society.

Current Debates and Issues

Debates about the relevance of caste in modern India continue. Tensions exist between caste identity and national identity, especially in a rapidly changing socio-political landscape. The future of caste politics remains uncertain as new social movements and economic changes challenge traditional norms. About these dynamics is crucial for navigating India’s complex political processes. Thus, caste remains factor in India’s political processes. Its historical roots and contemporary implications shape the social and political landscape, influencing identity politics and social movements. As India evolves, the discourse on caste will continue to be vital in addressing issues of equality and justice.