Reviving Bison Population in Jharkhand

January 21, 2025

In recent years, the population of Bison, or Gaur, in Jharkhand has faced decline. The Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR) remains the last bastion for this species in the state. With numbers dwindling to 50-70 individuals, the Jharkhand Forest Department has initiated a comprehensive study to revive the Bison population, addressing issues such as poaching, habitat loss, and disease transmission from domestic cattle.

Key Facts About Indian Bison

Indian Bison or Gaur (Bos gaurus) is found in South and Southeast Asia.
It lives in evergreen, semi-evergreen, and moist deciduous forests with open grasslands.
It prefers hilly terrains below 1,500-1,800 meters with undisturbed forests and abundant water sources.
Bison is among the tallest and largest in the family of wild cattle.
It is a social animal living in groups of 30-40 individuals.
Conservation Status:

IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I.
CITES: Appendix I.

Bison Population Status

The Bison population in PTR has decreased from around 150 in the 1970s to 50-70 . Once widespread in Jharkhand, they are now extinct in other regions. Their survival is critical for the ecosystem, particularly for local tiger populations.

Threats to Bison

Major threats include poaching, habitat disturbance, and diseases from domestic cattle. Over 150,000 local cattle encroach on Bison habitats, competing for food and spreading infections like foot-and-mouth disease.

Conservation Efforts

The PTR is conducting studies on Bison behaviour, habitat requirements, and preferred vegetation. A comprehensive plan will be developed to enhance their population.

Tiger Population Dynamics

The tiger population in PTR has recently increased to five, up from none in 2018. Bison serve as a vital food source for tigers, making their revival essential for the overall health of the ecosystem.

Vaccination Initiatives

To combat zoonotic diseases, a vaccination drive for 150,000 domestic cattle is underway. This initiative aims to protect Bison and other wildlife from diseases transmitted through water bodies.

Anti-Poaching Measures

The PTR has established 32 anti-poaching centres staffed with guards to protect wildlife. These efforts are showing positive results, with indications of a rising Bison population.

Relocation of Villages

Plans are in place to relocate eight villages from the PTR core area to reduce human-wildlife conflict. This relocation is crucial for creating a safe habitat for Bison and other wildlife.

Geographical Overview

Palamu Tiger Reserve spans 1,129.93 km², with a core area of 414.08 km² and a buffer zone of 715.85 km². It is situated across the Palamu, Latehar, and Garhwa districts and is one of India’s first nine tiger reserves established in 1974.

Historical Context

The PTR was designated as a wildlife sanctuary in 1960 and formally established as a tiger reserve in 1973. Over the decades, it has faced challenges, including Naxal control and environmental degradation, but conservation efforts are ongoing.

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