HPAI H5N1 Outbreak Affects Indian Wildlife

January 6, 2025

Recent events have brought into light a serious outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in India. Three tigers and a leopard have succumbed to the virus at the Balasaheb Thackeray Gorewada International Zoological Park in Nagpur. This incident marks first, as it is the first recorded case of HPAI causing mortality among captive wildlife in India. Following these deaths, the Maharashtra authorities have declared a red alert for zoos across the state.

Background of HPAI H5N1

HPAI H5N1 is a highly contagious virus primarily affecting birds. It has been reported to infect over 500 species, including at least 70 mammalian species. The virus has spread globally, affecting wildlife and livestock across 108 countries on five continents. Notably, it has reached extreme environments, impacting polar bears and even penguins in Antarctica.

Recent Developments in Nagpur

The tigers and leopard were rescued from the wild in December 2024 due to human-animal conflict. Following their deaths, samples were sent to the ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD) for testing. On January 1, 2025, results confirmed that three tigers and two leopards tested positive for the H5N1 virus. A male tiger tested negative.

Response from Authorities

In response to the outbreak, the Wildlife Research and Training Centre (WRTC) has issued an advisory. This advisory includes immediate measures to contain the spread of HPAI at zoos and rescue centres. The measures aim to prevent further infection and ensure the safety of both animals and humans.

Biosecurity Measures Implemented

The WRTC’s action plan includes several biosecurity protocols. These protocols involve preventing bird access to other animals through the use of nets and covers. Hygiene practices, such as disinfecting footwear and equipment, are crucial. Additionally, feeding carnivores raw poultry or unverified meat products is strictly prohibited. Regular health monitoring of animals for unusual behaviour or symptoms is also essential.

Isolation and Monitoring Protocols

The Animal Husbandry Commissioner has instructed the isolation of infected or symptomatic animals. Facilities housing these animals have been temporarily closed to the public. Enhanced biosecurity measures are now in place to prevent further transmission of the virus. The urgency of the situation has prompted calls for a One Health approach, integrating efforts across human health and wildlife management.

The H5N1 virus has been fatal to 70 mammalian species.
The strain responsible for the outbreak may be 2.3.4.4b.
The virus has spread to wildlife in 108 countries.
The WRTC has prepared a comprehensive advisory for zoos.
The first H5N1 cases in wildlife were reported in 2022.

Conclusion on Ongoing Efforts

The situation remains critical, and authorities continue to take measures to mitigate the risks associated with the H5N1 outbreak. The importance of swift action and cooperation among various sectors is paramount in addressing this public health concern.

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