Alabama Uses Controversial Nitrogen Hypoxia

January 27, 2024

On January 26th, 2024, Alabama used nitrogen hypoxia to execute a death row inmate for the first time, marking the debut of a controversial and risky method in the United States.

What is Nitrogen Hypoxia?

Nitrogen hypoxia involves forcing the inmate to breathe pure nitrogen gas until oxygen deprivation leads to asphyxiation and death. Along with Oklahoma and Mississippi, Alabama approved this method as an alternative to injection and electrocution.
Nitrogen makes up around 75% of normal air. But inhaling too much displaces oxygen, leading to loss of consciousness, convulsions and death.

Kenneth Smith’s Execution

Kenneth Smith was convicted for a 1988 contract killing. His execution began at 7:53 PM with a nitrogen gas mask. He appeared to shake and struggle briefly before being pronounced dead at 8:25 PM.
The mask remained on Smith for 5 minutes after he flatlined. Prison officials claimed the shaking and angled breathing was expected.

Previous Failed Execution Attempt

Alabama has faced scrutiny since a failed lethal injection attempt on Smith in 2022, one of four botched injections since 2018. This contributed to nitrogen hypoxia being considered a viable alternative method.

Concerns Over Suffering and Risks

Human rights experts argue nitrogen hypoxia could amount to torture with unnecessary suffering. But Alabama says unconsciousness will set in before death.
There are also risks to execution team members if nitrogen leaks from the gas chamber. Partial oxygen depletion alone can cause permanent heart damage and poor judgment.

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