UGC-NTA NET Political Science – India’s Nuclear Policy
India’s nuclear policy has evolved since its independence in 1947. The country has navigated complex regional and global dynamics to establish its nuclear stance. This policy is shaped by historical contexts, strategic necessities, and international relations.
Historical Background
Pre-Independence Era
Before independence, India’s focus on nuclear technology was minimal. The colonial powers primarily influenced any nuclear pursuits. The British Empire had limited interest in developing indigenous nuclear capabilities.
Post-Independence (1947)
After gaining independence, India adopted a policy of non-alignment. The emphasis was on using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, reflecting a commitment to development over militarisation. However, regional security concerns soon shifted this focus.
Development of Nuclear Capability
First Nuclear Test (Smiling Buddha)
India conducted its first nuclear test, known as “Smiling Buddha,” on May 18, 1974, at Pokhran. This test marked India’s entry into the group of nuclear-armed states. It demonstrated India’s scientific capabilities and strategic autonomy.
Nuclear Proliferation
India’s nuclear policy was influenced by security threats from neighbouring countries, particularly China and Pakistan. The nuclearisation of these nations prompted India to enhance its own nuclear capabilities.
Nuclear Policy Framework
No First Use (NFU) Doctrine
India’s official nuclear doctrine includes a No First Use (NFU) policy. This means India will not initiate a nuclear strike but retains the right to respond if attacked. This approach aims to reduce the likelihood of nuclear conflict.
Credible Minimum Deterrence
India’s strategy is based on credible minimum deterrence. This doctrine ensures that India maintains a nuclear arsenal sufficient to deter adversaries while avoiding an arms race. The focus is on maintaining a balance of power in the region.
Legislative and Institutional Framework
Atomic Energy Act (1962)
The Atomic Energy Act governs the development and regulation of nuclear energy in India. It provides the legal framework for nuclear research, energy production, and weapons development.
Nuclear Command Authority (NCA)
Established in 2003, the Nuclear Command Authority manages India’s nuclear arsenal. It ensures effective command and control over nuclear forces, enhancing the credibility of India’s deterrent posture.
Key Documents and Policies
Draft Nuclear Doctrine (1999)
The Draft Nuclear Doctrine outlines India’s nuclear strategy, emphasising NFU and credible deterrence. It serves as a guiding document for India’s nuclear policy and strategic planning.
Nuclear Policy Review (2003)
This review reaffirmed India’s commitment to the NFU doctrine and its deterrence strategy. It brought into light the importance of maintaining a robust nuclear posture in response to evolving security dynamics.
International Treaties and Agreements
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
India is not a signatory to the NPT. It advocates for a global disarmament framework while maintaining its nuclear capabilities. India argues that the NPT perpetuates inequality among nuclear and non-nuclear states.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
India has not signed the CTBT but observes a self-imposed moratorium on nuclear testing. The country supports a global ban on nuclear tests while retaining the right to develop its nuclear capabilities.
India US Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2008)
This agreement with the United States facilitates civilian nuclear trade and technology transfer. It marked shift in India’s international nuclear relations and enhanced its energy security.
Regional Security Dynamics
Pakistan’s Nuclear Programme
In response to India’s nuclear tests, Pakistan developed its nuclear weapons program. This led to a nuclear arms race in South Asia, creating a precarious security environment.
China’s Nuclear Capability
India’s nuclear policy is also shaped by China’s military advancements. The need to counterbalance China’s growing nuclear capabilities has been factor in India’s strategic planning.
Strategic Partnerships
United States
Post-2008, India has strengthened its ties with the United States. Strategic dialogues focus on nuclear security and collaboration in various sectors, enhancing bilateral relations.
Russia
India has a long-standing relationship with Russia, particularly in defence and nuclear cooperation. Joint ventures in nuclear energy highlight the depth of this strategic partnership.
Challenges and Criticisms
Security Dilemma
India faces a security dilemma due to regional tensions and the potential for an arms race. The nuclear capabilities of neighbouring countries raise concerns
Future Directions
Modernization of Nuclear Arsenal
India is actively modernising its nuclear arsenal. Efforts focus on enhancing delivery systems and ensuring the survivability of nuclear forces in a changing strategic environment.
Global Nuclear Governance
India plays a role in advocating for reforms in global nuclear governance. It supports initiatives for nuclear disarmament while maintaining its strategic autonomy. This structured overview provides an insight into India’s nuclear policy, reflecting its historical evolution, strategic imperatives, and ongoing challenges. About these elements is crucial for comprehending India’s position in the global nuclear landscape.
