India’s Foreign Policy – Relations with the USSR/Russia [UGC-NTA Net Political Science]

India’s foreign policy has been shaped by its relations with major powers, particularly the USSR and later, Russia. The historical context of these relations reveals a complex web of diplomatic, economic, military, and cultural interactions that have evolved over decades.

Historical Background

India’s relationship with the USSR began shortly after its independence. The USSR was among the first countries to recognise India in 1947. This early support laid the groundwork for a robust partnership.

Formation of the USSR

• Established in 1922 after the Russian Revolution.
• Initially focused on building a socialist state.

India’s Independence

• India gained independence from British rule in 1947.
• USSR’s recognition was crucial for India’s global standing.

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

• India was a founding member of NAM in 1961.
• USSR supported NAM as a counter to Western imperialism.

Diplomatic Relations

Formal diplomatic relations were established soon after India’s independence. These ties have been marked by treaties and agreements.

Establishment of Diplomatic Ties

• Formal ties were established in 1947.
• Embassies were opened in both countries, enhancing communication.

Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation (1971)

• Strengthened bilateral relations.
• Included a mutual defence clause, reflecting military cooperation.

Economic Relations

The economic partnership between India and the USSR was vital for India’s development.

Trade Agreements

• Bilateral trade agreements initiated in the 1950s.
• Trade volume saw increases over decades.

Soviet Aid

• USSR provided substantial economic and military assistance.
• Established key industries in India, such as steel and heavy machinery.

Five-Year Plans

• USSR assisted in formulating India’s Five-Year Plans.
• Helped in the establishment of infrastructure projects.

Military Cooperation

Military ties have been a mainstay of Indo-Soviet relations.

Military Supplies

• USSR became the primary supplier of military equipment post-1962.
• Included tanks, aircraft, and naval vessels.

Joint Military Exercises

• Conducted various exercises to enhance defence capabilities.
• Improved interoperability between the two armed forces.

Technology Transfer

• Collaboration in defence technology, particularly in missiles.
• Joint development of aircraft, like the MiG series.

Political Relations

The political dimensions of the relationship have been shaped by Cold War dynamics.

Support in International Forums

• USSR supported India in the UN, especially on the Kashmir issue.
• Promoted India’s position in global politics.

Cold War Dynamics

• India maintained a non-aligned stance during the Cold War.
• Received support from the USSR against Western powers.

Cultural Relations

Cultural exchanges have encourageed mutual understanding.

Cultural Exchange Programs

• Initiated in the 1950s to promote cultural ties.
• Included art exhibitions, festivals, and performances.

Educational Scholarships

• Thousands of Indian students received scholarships.
• Studied in Soviet institutions, enhancing academic ties.

Post-Soviet Era

The dissolution of the USSR in 1991 marked transition in relations.

Transition to Russia

• India maintained strong ties with the Russian Federation.
• Continued collaboration in various sectors.

Strategic Partnership

• India and Russia signed a strategic partnership agreement in 2000.
• Focused on defence, energy, and technology collaboration.

Defense Cooperation

• Ongoing collaboration in defence projects.
• Joint ventures like the BrahMos missile system.

Current Relations

Today, India and Russia continue to share a multifaceted relationship.

BRICS Membership

• Both countries are members of BRICS, enhancing cooperation.
• Focus on economic and political collaboration.

Energy Cooperation

• Collaboration in nuclear and hydrocarbon sectors.
• Joint projects in energy exploration and production.

Geopolitical Alignment

• Shared interests in countering terrorism.
• Focus on maintaining regional stability in Asia.

Challenges

Despite strong ties, challenges persist in the relationship.

Changing Global Dynamics

• US-Russia relations impact India-Russia ties.
• India must navigate complex geopolitical landscapes.

China Factor

• Growing Sino-Russian ties pose implications for India.
• India must balance its relations with both powers.

Economic Competition

• Russia’s pivot towards China affects economic relations.
• India needs to reassess its economic strategies.

Key Leaders

Several leaders have played very important roles in shaping India-Russia relations.

Jawaharlal Nehru

• First Prime Minister of India.
• Pivotal in establishing strong ties with the USSR.

Indira Gandhi

• Strengthened Indo-Soviet relations during her tenure.
• Focused on military and economic cooperation.

Vladimir Putin

• Current President of Russia.
• Emphasised the importance of India-Russia relations in the 21st century.

Major Agreements and Treaties

Several key agreements have defined the relationship.

Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (1971)

• Solidified military and economic cooperation.
• Served as a foundation for future collaborations.

Inter-Governmental Commission

• Established for cooperation in various sectors.
• Focus on defence, space, and technology.